Author: Zhong Kai, national food safety risk assessment center research associate, Dr. food safety.
1. The main active ingredient of betel nut is alkaloids represented by arecoline. Arecoline can stimulate nervous excitement, can produce tolerance (more and more insensitive), and has obvious addiction, dependence and withdrawal effects.
2. Areca nut contains a variety of alkaloids, including arecoline, arecoline, tetrahydronicotinic acid and tetrahydronicotinic acid methyl ester, which can produce nitrosamines (potential carcinogens) during chewing.
3. Areca extract (not including tobacco, loquat, lime, and other components) can make a variety of experimental animals produce a variety of different cancers, with a clear animal carcinogenicity, but arecoline alone has not proved carcinogenic.
4. Areca is identified as a Category 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (whether or not it is chewed with tobacco), it can increase the probability of suffering from oral cancer, and smoking, drinking and chewing betel nut can promote the chance of suffering from oral cancer.
5. Chew betel is closely related to oral submucosal fibrosis (OSF) and oral leukoplakia. Both of them are precancerous lesions, and no OSF lesions were observed in those who did not chewing betel nut.
6. In the 10,000-person survey conducted by the Xiangtan Stomatological Hospital in 1986, the prevalence of OSF was 3%. With the increase in the number of chewing betels, the expansion of the range, and the ageing of consumer groups, some areas in recent surveys have risen to 7%.
7. In a retrospective study spanning 20 years, the cancer rate in patients with OSF reached 1.7%, and 20 oral cancer patients were all betel nuts (10-40 years).
8. There is a dose-effect relationship between betel nut and cancer, that is, the more frequent and longer the food is, the higher the probability of cancer is.
9. The proportion of cancerous changes in the cheeks and tongues of chewing betel nuts increased significantly. The onset age of oral cancer patients who chewed betel nuts was about 8 years earlier than those who chewed betel nuts.
10. The prognosis of oral cancer is poor, the 5-year survival rate is about 50%, about 1/3 will recur, and postoperative swallowing, language function and facial features will be seriously affected.
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