Technical introduction: Dryland water saving agriculture refers to agricultural production mainly relying on and making full use of natural rainfall. It is a general term for “rain-supporting agriculture†and “rainwater-supplementing irrigation agriculture. Dry-land water-saving agriculture uses soil, fertilizer, water, Optimize the allocation of species, light and temperature resources, and establish an agricultural production and management system that combines advanced agricultural biotechnology, high-efficiency agricultural engineering technology, low-drain drought-resistant irrigation and irrigation technologies, and scientific information management technologies to achieve the improvement of unit rainfall and irrigation water production. Sustainable agriculture with the goal of efficiency and efficiency: As a modern technology, dry farming and water-saving agricultural mechanization technology is to realize advanced agricultural biotechnology, efficient drought-resistant planting patterns, and low-water-saving and water-supplemented irrigation systems to achieve natural precipitation and irrigation. The “storage, preservation, use, and festival†of water use will increase the efficiency of agricultural water use and realize important ways and major technical means for water-saving high-efficiency agriculture. Currently promoted mechanized dry farming and water-saving agricultural technologies (I) Deep farming Turning Technology 1. Technology Principles and Functions Deep ploughing is a loosening of the soil and deepening tillage techniques. It is to increase the porosity of the soil, break the plow bottom layer, increase the infiltration speed and quantity of the rainwater, and promote the growth of the root system. At the same time, deep plowing is also one of the main means to return straw to the field. 2. Technical specifications and implementation points (1) Technical specifications 1 Adaptable tillage conditions: Under normal circumstances, when the soil moisture content is between 15% and 22%, it is suitable for deep ploughing machines; 2 The plough depth should generally be greater than 20cm, and the depth is the same; 3 The ridge opening and closing ridges should be reduced, and the height of closed ridges should be less than 10m. The width is less than 35cm and the depth is less than l0cm; 4 The actual tillage is the same as the ploughing, avoiding the weight of the rabbits, and loosing the plough; 5 The tillage and backlogging rate is less than 3%. (2) Implementation points 1 The time of deep ploughing should be equal to the local rainy season To be consistent, it should generally be carried out before the start of the local rainy season in order to fully absorb rainwater.2 The appropriate depth for deep plowing should be selected according to the conditions of tillage, soil characteristics, weather during cultivation, planting crops, etc. Based on experience, generally before the rainy season Plowing can deepen cultivation and deepen the land to fully accumulate rainfall, such as continuous drought after ploughing, and compensation from water sources. The plough depth should be appropriately shallow, and the saline-alkaline soil should not be too deep for plowing, so as not to increase Salinization of re-cultivated soil (3) Precautions Pay attention to the reasonable matching of implements, the shallow layer of cultivated land, to deepen the tillage year by year, to avoid overturning the deep raw soil into the tillage layer as much as possible; Application of organic fertilizer, using fertility, generally 2~3 years deep plowing.(4) Applicable implements: deep plowing is usually carried out with a cone plow (2) deep loosening technology 1. The technical principle and role refers to the loose upper soil , Break down the plough bottom layer, make rainwater infiltrate deep into the soil, increase soil water storage capacity, and do not turn the soil, do not destroy the surface vegetation, reduce the loss of soil moisture, invalid soil evaporation loss of soil cultivation technology. The main contents of farming can also be used for salinization and low-output water-washing and salt-reduction reformation, and deep-song has both deep and partial deep looseness. Local deep loosening is a local loosening of the interval with rod teeth and chisel spade, which can be used as the main farming measures after the autumn harvest, as well as the cultivated land before spring sowing, the loose soil in the fallow, and the pasture renewal. The specific forms include full deep loosening, deep interval loosening, deep loose shallow turning, deep stubble cutting, deep ploughing in cultivating, deep loosening in ridge, deep loose in ridge and so on. 2. The depth of technical specifications and implementation points should be determined by the thickness of the tillage layer. Generally, the depth of cultivating depth is 20-30cm, the depth of the loose soil is 30-40cm, and the depth of ridge cultivation is 25-30cm. 3. Attention The agricultural power should be matched with the work tools. To maintain the proper tightness of the soil in the plough layer and to create a reasonable plough layer, reasonable methods and methods should be adopted. The three leakage fields should not be generally deep. 4. Supporting Machines At present, there are mainly two kinds of subsoilers that are widely used in China. One is an inverted trapezoidal all-directional subsoiler. It is characterized by good ripping effect, low resistance, and can form a rat in the ground after operation. Road, is conducive to the even distribution of water storage in the field; the other is the i-type chisel-style deep pistol, its horizontal cutting blade can cut off the grass roots, inhibit the growth of weeds. (III) Antimony suppressing and repelling technology 1. Technical principles and functions Antimony repression is a traditional Chinese drought protection technology.耙耱 is a land preparation measure to improve the structure of the plough layer to the level of ground, crushed soil, grass weeding, and soil conservation. Repression can not only make the soil to buy emptiness, reduce the evaporation of soil moisture, but also make the lower layer of water rise, and play a role in lifting the flood. 2. Technical specifications and implementation points (1) The operation of the insurance is generally performed in autumn and spring. In the autumn, the clams are usually planted after the autumn farmland, in order to make the land clear and flat, and form a cultivating layer where the dungeons are applied. In the spring, the soil should be thawed to a depth of 3 to 4 cm. When the soil freezes, the land will begin to squat, and the soil will be repeated 2 to 3 times in order to cut down the soil capillary evaporation tube to keep the soil moisture. (2) The autumn crackdown It is advisable to carry out repression and sealing of soil surface before and after freezing in winter in order to reduce the exchange of soil gas and atmosphere and to suppress the loss of soil moisture in winter; spring repression can be carried out before or after sowing, and repression can make The increase of soil moisture promotes seed germination and seedling raising, and raises seedlings; seedling repression should be carried out after thawing in early spring to sink the soil, promote winter wheat tiller, and prevent lodging, but it should be noted that repression must be performed when the surface is dry. In order to avoid overburdening the topsoil. 3. The supporting equipment is usually carried out with a rotary cultivator, a disk rake, a plane rake and a drum, and a disk type ram. As the use of disk harrows in arid regions tends to decrease, and rotary cultivators are used more and more widely, conventional rotary cultivators with a single row of rotary knives and two-roll rotary cultivators with two rows of rotary knives are currently used. Instead of disk harrows, some of these machines can be used to complete many processes such as rotary tilling, sowing, fertilizing, and repression. They are welcomed by farmers' friends. (IV) Ridge planting techniques 1. Technical principles and functions This technique is a traditional planting technique widely used in northern China, especially in the northeast region, and is mainly used for corn, soybean, sorghum, sugar beet and other wide-ranging crops. Because the climate in the northeast is cold and the soil temperature in the spring sowing season is low, the ridging can increase the contact surface between the surface and the atmosphere, and the ridge body warms up quickly, which is conducive to the seed germination and growth. At the same time, infiltration of the rain into the bottom of the furrows is conducive to the absorption of the roots of the crops. In some areas, it can also stop the runoff formed by rainfall and help reduce soil erosion. 2. Technical Points and Precautions There are two forms of mechanized ridge sowing: one is ridging first, then sowing, and repressing at the same time as sowing. The other is that the ridging sowing is completed once. It is mainly applicable to the autumn ridged land. Generally, the fertilizer is applied to the ridge at the same time when sowing, so as to ensure the growth and development requirements of the crop in different periods. According to experiments and demonstrations by the Agricultural Machinery Bureau of Heilongjiang Province for three consecutive years in the border of Zhangzhou County, there is no significant difference in the ground temperature between flat cropping and ridge cropping. The ridge cropping temperature in April, May and June is slightly higher than that in flat cropping; the ridge cropping and flat cropping have a bearing capacity in the production process. Changes are close, and no cultivator shovels have a significant effect on the soil bulk density of flat crops. The significance of ridge shoveling is to suppress weeds and to accept precipitation. Both water content and production levels are basically close. 3. The supporting equipment is ridged firstly, and the equipments to be sown later are mainly double roller extermination rotary cultivating ridge cultivators; the rigging one-time equipment is mainly combined rotary cultivating ridging and fertilizing sowing machine. (5) Farming mechanization technology of ridge ditch 1. Technical principles and functions The ridge and furrow planting is widely used in drought areas such as Shaanxi, Gansu, Shanxi, and Shandong in the central and western regions of China and is mainly used for wheat and other grain crops. After deep plowing and deep plowing in the autumn, a ditch was used to open a small ditch in the field. The seeds were sown in the ditch, then fertilized and covered with soil to suppress the pressure. Usually called ditch sowing, its main features were: To the bottom of the ditch, is conducive to the emergence of wheat, robust growth, safe winter. In the spring drought in the coming year, the ditch at the end of the locust is better, which is conducive to the return of green wheat and drought-resistant growth. The rate of tillering of the wheat seedlings is also significantly higher than that of conventional sowing, which is beneficial to increase production. 2. Technical specifications and points (1) To adhere to the standard of ridge distance, dash the ditch to ensure that the lines are parallel and the line spacing is equal. (2) Fertilization, careful sowing, ensure the density, timely suppression according to the public opinion after sowing. 3. Supporting equipment: Grain deep-fertilizer sowing machine and ditching and sowing machine Two broad categories (VI) Plastic film-covering planting technology 1. Technological principles Several functions At present, this technology has been widely used in the north and south of China, its main advantages It is to reduce evaporation loss and increase ground temperature. It is particularly suitable for application in low-temperature cool dry areas and severely arid dry areas. The main crops covered by plastic film are vegetables and cotton, tobacco and other economic crops and corn and wheat. Millet and other food crops. Among them, the cultivation mode of the food crop wheat has two main modes: one is the mode of filming sowing of wheat in the hole, and the other is the mode of wheat seeding in the film side. The film-covered sowing of wheat seeds the wheat one hole and one hole under the thin film. Since the film layer separates the channels that the moisture dissipates into the atmosphere, it has the effect of water retention, and the amount of water poured during wheat growth can be reduced by more than one time, thereby reducing the growth process. The amount of water used. The membrane side seeding is to cover the soil surface of the non-seeding row, and the wheat is planted at the non-mulching location. The amount of water from the outside rain or supplemental irrigation is blocked by the plastic film, and all of the water is concentrated in the roots of the crop, so that the water actually absorbed by the crop is obtained. The increase will help improve crop drought resistance and water use efficiency. 2. Technical specifications and implementation points (1) Mechanized membranes should meet agronomic requirements to achieve exhibition, level, and solidity; (2) Fine soil preparation must be done before planting, and sufficient base fertilizer must be applied; (3) Selection of crop species must be stronger in the later stages of growth. The excellent varieties that do not have premature aging, resistance to pests and diseases, and (4) the selected equipment must have good performance and can guarantee the quality of operations. 3. Economic Benefit Analysis According to tests, the film can increase the moisture content of plough layer by 1%-4%. Increase the ground temperature by 2 to 4 oc. During the whole growing period of the arid area, it can save more than 1,500 cubic meters per hectare. Coverage of wheat mulch can increase by 112% to 230% on average compared to the control field. Spring corn production increased by 30% to 50%, sweet potato production increased by more than 50%. 4. The commonly used plastic film-covering planter for common equipment has two types of film sowing and film side broadcasting. There are two kinds of manual and manual type in terms of form, from the use of single-purpose models and joint operation models that combine rotary tilling, ridging, fertilization, and sitting water functions. (7) No-tillage Covering Sowing Techniques 1. Technology Principles and Functions This technique is mainly applicable to the two cropping areas in North China. Most of them are wheat reared after harvesting wheat. Generally after the harvester harvests the wheat, the land is not plowed or deep-sown only. Leave about 25 centimeters of sorghum and keep all or most of the straw over the ground. Before sowing, spray the soil sterilizing and chemical herbicides again, and then use a no-tillage sowing machine to perform the precise sowing of corn. At present, no-tillage sowing techniques for direct sowing of wheat in corn fields after corn harvesting are under development. During operation, the sowing line of corn stalks is crushed, other corn stalks are overwhelmed, and wheat is sown on both sides of the furrows. Its advantages: First, reduce the mechanical operating procedures, reduce production costs, easy to achieve when sowing; Second, to achieve the return of straw, is conducive to increase the content of soil organic matter, fertility and fertility; Third, the roots of straw crops left on the surface of the former crops , It can greatly reduce the surface runoff caused by rainfall, increase the effective infiltration of rainwater, and reduce the evaporation of water; 4) It is easy to reduce soil erosion caused by wind erosion in winter and spring windy seasons, and reduce the occurrence probability and damage degree of dust storms. 2. Technical implementation points and precautions (1) Before the no-tillage method, we must first carry out chemical weeding and soil disinfection; (2) No-tillage must be covered, otherwise it will reduce production; (3) Do not use no-tillage method for poorly drained viscous soil (4) Rational rotation, try to avoid the same crop for two consecutive years, in order to rationally use soil nutrients, inhibit weeds and pests and diseases. (5) The deep loose tools are best equipped with a detachable wing blade to cut off grass roots, inhibit the growth of weeds, and reduce the amount of chemical herbicides used. 3. Commonly used machines No-tillage sowing technology commonly used machine has: multi-use fine seeder, wheat no-tillage cover sowing sowing machine, air suction fine seeder, air-suction no-tillage cover sowing machine. (VIII) Water-filling cultivation techniques 1. Technical principles and features: In most parts of northern China, there is basically no rainfall in spring, and the dry soil layer is thick during spring sowing. In dry conditions, the dry soil layer even exceeds 15cm and cannot be sown on schedule. To solve this problem, China has developed and developed mechanized replenishing water planting techniques and implements. Based on the planter, water tanks (cans) are added to the tractors, water is added to the planting ditch, and the soil is then sown to protect the seedlings and save water. Well, it is customary to call either sitting water or walking water sowing techniques. Its main features are flexible and flexible, free from terrain restrictions, can make full use of all kinds of water resources, improve the utilization of water resources; second, it can be matched with the corresponding agricultural machinery according to the agronomic requirements of crops and the requirements of growing seasons. Use; Third, simple structure, low investment, low cost, easy operation, in line with the technical level and economic strength of farmers. 2. Technical Specifications and Precautions (1) Water-filling planting technology is often combined with the application of techniques such as furrow sowing and film-laying, and several processes such as trenching, water injection, sowing, fertilizing, and covering with soil are completed in one operation to reduce production costs. (2) The amount of sitting water must ensure that the seed of the crop can germinate and emerge. (3) Water should not be far away. 3. The commonly used water-seeding machine for commonly used implements includes a water-bearing hard-seeded seeder and a corn water-supplying seeder suitable for use in crops such as corn and beans, a wheat water-applied fertilization ditch seeder suitable for wheat and other closely planted crops, and wheat planting. Water fertilizing film planter.
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