China is a large vegetable country, and its vegetable planting area and output rank first in the world, accounting for 41.75% and 50.96% of the world's vegetable planting area and production, respectively. According to statistics, in 2013 China's vegetable planting area was 2.09107 hm2, the annual output of various vegetables was as high as 7.35108 t, and the proportion of vegetable loss in circulation was high (about 37%). In the same year, the total output of vegetable waste in China was as high as that. About 2.69108 t, it is the fourth largest crop waste in China after rice, corn and wheat straw. The water content of vegetable waste can be as high as 75% to 95%, and has the characteristics of short storage period, difficulty in transportation and perishability. Especially in summer, rotten vegetable waste is more likely to provide conditions for the propagation and spread of diseased microorganisms. The mineral elements contained in it will also enter the surface water and groundwater through surface runoff erosion and leakage, resulting in agricultural non-point source pollution. At the same time, vegetable waste contains high nutrients such as nitrogen (2.02% to 5.69%), phosphorus (0.29% to 3.25%) and potassium (0.49% to 5.37%) (calculated as dry matter). Commonly used natural organic fertilizers are equivalent. Therefore, how to recycle and recycle vegetable waste and realize the reduction, energyization and resource utilization of vegetable waste treatment has become an urgent problem to be solved.
As an engineer of the ecosystem, 蚯蚓 is considered to be an important soil animal for agricultural pollution control and deodorization. It uses its own rich enzyme system (protease, lipase, cellulase, amylase, etc.) to rapidly break down organic waste and convert it into easy-to-use nutrients. Since the 1990s, cockroach composting has been considered a low-cost eco-friendly technology.蚯蚓 Not only can it treat organic waste equivalent to its weight every day, such as sludge, animal waste, vegetable waste, straw and industrial waste, reducing their impact on the surrounding environment, and obtaining efficient and stable organic fertilizer. Crop growth and increase crop yields.蚯蚓 compost is rich in humic acid, beneficial microbial bacteria, various amino acids and trace elements. Its agglomerate structure is special and water retention is strong. It is a multifunctional organic fertilizer that integrates nutrition, disease prevention and stimulating growth. It is also barren. Soil and long-term application of fertilizers lead to soiled modifiers. Therefore, earthworm compost has significant development potential in agricultural production. At present, most of the composting raw materials are cow dung, sludge and straw, and vegetable waste is rarely used. The high organic matter content and non-toxic nature of vegetable waste make it a good food source. Compared with conventional high temperature compost, the alfalfa assisted composting process is simple and low in energy consumption, while the manure and carcass can be recycled. It can increase the economic benefits while disposing of waste, and is a new treatment technology that can realize the recycling of vegetable waste.
Therefore, this study selected 4 vegetable waste organic fertilizers and 2 commercial organic fertilizers to study its effects on the growth of Brassica chinensis (Linn), in order to provide data support for the application of vegetable waste compost in agricultural production. Theoretical basis.
1 Materials and methods
1.1 Materials
1.1.1 Organic fertilizer
The commercial organic fertilizer used in this study, one is livestock manure (T1), from Fengxian Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, and the other is manure (T2), purchased from Luyang Gardening.
The T3 to T6 treatments are all organic fertilizers prepared in the laboratory. Vegetable waste for the preparation of organic fertilizer comes from the vegetable waste recycling station in Yejing Town, Songjiang, mainly for leafy vegetables and peels. Eisenia fetida was purchased from Shanghai Taoyuanyu Farm. The preparation method of organic fertilizer is as follows:
T3: fresh vegetable waste + 10% wheat straw common compost (wet weight ratio)
T4: fresh vegetable waste + 10% wheat straw pre-fermentation for 40 days after composting (wet weight ratio)
T5: fresh vegetable waste common compost
T6: Pre-fermentation of fresh vegetable waste for 40 days. Before composting, put all vegetable waste into a plastic box with holes (length, width and height = 50 cm40 cm30 cm), and lay a circle of fine gauze around to prevent cockroaches from escaping. . 100 adult bodies were placed in the T4 and T6 processes. On the 70th day, composting was stopped and all composted products were used as organic fertilizer.
1.1.2 Chicken
The seeds of the genus Brassica (Brassica chinensis L.) were purchased from Shanghai Xinyi Garden.
1.1.3 Soil
The soil was taken from the farm of Shanghai Jiaotong University. The physical and chemical properties were as follows: pH=7.75, EC=130 μScm-1, soil clay, 20% clay, organic matter 32.1 gkg-1, total phosphorus 0.958 gkg-1, total nitrogen 1.85 gkg- 1, total potassium 2.53 gkg-1.
1.2 Experimental design
This experiment was carried out in the greenhouse of Shanghai Jiaotong University. The greenhouse greenhouse temperature is (255) °C, the humidity is controlled at 60% to 70%, and the chicken feather is planted in a foam box (length, width and height = 23 cm 33 cm 23 cm) with a hole in the bottom, and is placed in 10.0 kg of soil. The soil is taken from Shanghai. The University of Jiaotong University has a 2 mm sieve. First, the seeds were evenly spread on the surface layer with a plant spacing of 5 cm. The chicken feathers were grown using 6 different organic fertilizers, each treatment was repeated 3 times, and the nitrogen application rate was based on the average nitrogen application level of 37.5 kghm-2 in Shanghai vegetable fields. Plant height and leaf area were determined on the 1st, 5th, 10th, 15th and 25th day after planting of the caterpillars by the non-fertilization (CK) treatment. To reduce errors, samples with plant heights below 2 cm and leaf areas less than 2 cm2 are ignored. On the 25th day, the chicken feathers were harvested, killed, dried, and the samples were ground and sieved through a 60 mesh screen for use.
1.3 Sample determination
Total nitrogen was determined by H2SO4-H2O2 digestion. Total phosphorus, total potassium, total calcium, and total magnesium were measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (i-CAP6300-ICP, Thermo Fisher).
1.4 Data Analysis
The experimental data were analyzed by ANOVA using SPSS 22.0 software, and multiple comparisons were performed using the LSD method to detect 5% significance levels.
2 Results and analysis
2.1 Plant growth
2.1.1 Plant height
The variation of plant height of J. chinensis at different treatments on the 10th, 15th and 25th day. The heights of the 1st and 5th d are below the detection level and are therefore outside the scope of this study. All the treated plants showed similar changes in the first 10 days, and the difference was not significant (P>0.05). After the 15th day, the variation of plant height in different treatments was more obvious. The plant height of the chickens with commercial organic fertilizer (T1 and T2) was significantly lower than other treatments (P
2.1.2 Leaf area
Changes in leaf area of ​​J. chinensis at different treatments on days 10, 15 and 25 d. The leaf area at 1st and 5th day, as well as the leaf area at day 10 of T1, T2 and T6 treatments, were below the detection level and are therefore outside the scope of this study. After 15 days, T4 treated leaf area was significantly higher than T5 and T6 treatment (P
2.2 Nutritional content
2.2.1 Nitrogen and phosphorus
Nitrogen and phosphorus in chicken head and fertilizer. Nitrogen and phosphorus content are the highest among commercial fertilizers (T1 and T2), especially phosphorus content is significantly higher than vegetable waste compost. Followed by the straw-free vegetable waste compost (T5 and T6), the nitrogen and phosphorus content (T3 and T4) of the vegetable waste with 10% straw added were the lowest. The ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus is opposite to that of nitrogen and phosphorus, and the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus is the highest in T4 treatment. However, in the chicken feathers, the nitrogen content of T4 treatment was significantly higher than that of other treatments, and the nitrogen content of T3, T5 and T6 treatments was also higher than that of commercial organic fertilizer treatment (T1 and T2). From the perspective of nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate, T4 treatment was the highest, reaching 32.67%. The nitrogen utilization rate of T3～T6 treatment was much higher than that of T1 and T2 treatment. The nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate of the composting treatment (T4 and T6) is higher than that of the common compost (T3 and T5).
2.2.2 Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium
Potassium, calcium and magnesium in chicken hair and fertilizer. The content of potassium, calcium and magnesium in T. chinensis was the highest under T4 treatment, which was significantly higher than other treatments.
3 Discussion
The results of this study showed that the plant height and leaf area of ​​the freshly processed vegetable waste compost were significantly higher than that of the commercial organic fertilizer, which is consistent with the results of Yangsen et al. They studied the growth of amaranth under composting, and the results showed that compost can promote the growth of amaranth and increase plant height.
Composting can improve soil mineral nutrients and other trace elements. After composting, the soil organic matter and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other contents were significantly improved, the soil structure was improved, the soil water retention and fertilizer retention capacity was enhanced, and soil microbial activity was increased, thereby improving crop yield and improving quality. Du Lianfeng et al. significantly increased the contents of K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO2-4 and Cl- plasma in the soil by using composted straw compost. The study also showed that the nitrogen efficiency of the vegetable waste composted with the mandarin was higher than that of the commercial organic fertilizer, and the phosphorus, potassium and magnesium contents were significantly higher than the commercial organic fertilizer treatment (P
The release of nutrients and the synchronization of plant uptake are very important for plant growth. Cantanazaro et al. and Cox believe that the slow release of nutrients can increase crop yields while reducing nutrient leaching. Composting enhances the soil's ability to retain nutrients, improves soil permeability, and is beneficial to plant root growth. Singh et al. found that spraying sputum extracts significantly increased the leaf area and dry weight of strawberries.蚯蚓 compost can significantly increase the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of tomato plants, which is consistent with the results of this study. This may be due to the fact that the excrement of the plutonium is rich in nitrogen, which increases the nitrogen content of the compost product, or the low pH in the composting reduces the volatilization of the ammonia gas and increases the nitrogen retention. The presence of phosphatase in the gut also helps to increase the availability of phosphorus during composting.
The increase of nutrient elements in yam composting may be due to the fact that cockroach compost can effectively improve biological stability, change the composition of microbial community structure, increase soil beneficial microorganisms, and inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria [38-42].蚯蚓 Composting has a large specific surface area, which is suitable for microbial proliferation and enhances the biological activity of the soil. During this process, the nutrients required by the plant, especially nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium, are released and converted into more soluble and more susceptible plants by microorganisms. Components used, such as soluble phosphorus, nitrate nitrogen, and exchangeable potassium, calcium, and magnesium.
4 Conclusion
(1) Compared with commercial organic fertilizer, vegetable waste compost can significantly increase the plant height and leaf area of ​​the chicken, and significantly increase the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium in the chicken. The ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus can be used as one of the evaluation indicators for vegetable growth.
(2) Adding 10% straw vegetable waste and composting treatment is more conducive to the growth of chicken feathers and the absorption of nutrients. On the 25th day, the plant height and leaf area of ​​the sauerkraut under the treatment were 3.10 to 4.00 and 3.20 to 3.53 times under the commercial organic fertilizer treatment. In short, vegetable waste compost is more conducive to the growth of chicken feathers and the absorption of nutrients than the common compost of vegetable waste.
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