The establishment of safe food production laws and regulations, and the formation of market access mechanisms have made fishery aquaculture a necessary path for the development of the current aquaculture industry. The history of cold water fish farming in Lincheng, Hebei is long, new varieties are constantly introduced, and fish diseases have been increasing year by year. Therefore, the implementation of healthy breeding to reduce the occurrence of diseases will become an important means for the prevention and control of fish diseases in cold-water fish farming. The operating points for the healthy breeding of cold-water fish are described below.
1. Choosing a good water source and ensuring proper water temperature The cold-water fish cultured species are two major species, eel and eel. Their primitive living environments are mountain streams and rivers, respectively. Natural waters are of good quality and have low water temperatures. Therefore, in the selection of water sources for cold-water fish farming, spring water and river water with fresh water quality should be selected, and the water temperature should be 10°C to 18°C. The farms that use rivers with higher water temperatures as a source of water can supplement part of the groundwater in the summer to lower the water temperature.
2. Construction of a fishpond structure that meets the needs of healthy aquaculture The coldwater fish rearing ponds are preferably rectangular or square blunt structures. There are no dead angles, reasonable watering, and the fish can be evenly distributed throughout the pond. The fishing pond is 4 meters wide and not more than long. 15 meters is good. The fish pond outlet is provided with a layer of two barriers to prevent the occurrence of pathogenic cross-infection in fish ponds. Fishing pond water supply conditions are not good, the use of tandem fish pond water supply should be set up below the outlet of the sedimentation tank to reduce the residual bait fish manure and other metabolites on the bottom pool fish hazards.
3. Scientific and reasonable stocking and feeding The stocking density of cold-water fish can increase with the increase of water exchange and dissolved oxygen, but when the stocking density is above 16 kg/m3, metabolites produced due to metabolism of fish will By increasing the hydration index of hydrogen sulfide, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and nitrite nitrogen in the water body, the fish body will feel physiological discomfort, the fish body will grow slowly, and the ability to resist disease will decrease. Therefore, cold-water fish stocking should be kept in the range of 10 kg to 14 kg/m3 so that both the water body and the fish body's resistance to disease can be fully utilized.
During the fish breeding process, the nutritional balance and quality of the food ingredients must be ensured. Attention should be paid to the control of the feed amount of the feed. Inadequate feeding will cause hunger, fish growth will be uneven, and it will easily lead to parasitic diseases. More likely to occur residual bait pollution, increase the consumption of oxygen and various infectious diseases. Must be scientifically and reasonably fed according to water temperature, fish condition, dissolved oxygen and other factors. And should pay attention to the bait grain size and the fish body size to adapt to, the general bait grain size is the feeding fish mouth crack 2/3 is better.
4. Maintain a Healthy Fish Eco-environment to Reduce Fish Diseases Healthy culture of cold-water fishes is an ecological integrated project. Maintaining a healthy fish eco-environment is an important part of this. Therefore, healthy breeding of cold-water fish should be improved and maintained around the fishing pond environment, and reduce the adverse effects of the surrounding environment on the fishery ecosystem. Always pay attention to whether there is deciduous flow into the inlet, clean the bottom of the tank regularly (1 time per week) to prevent accumulation of residual baits, fecal matter, etc., and algae-like bacteria. Before the bait is fed, it must be sieved and sieved out. Powder, reduce the pollution of the bait to the water environment and the damage to the fish's crotch; when the water source is insufficient and the water temperature of the pool is high, oxygen-added equipment and supplementary groundwater can be used to increase dissolved oxygen in the water to lower the water temperature; for the reuse of the culture water, The UV-C ultraviolet water disinfection and sterilization equipment is installed at the inlet of the fish pond to reduce the total number of microbial flora in the water and avoid cross-infection of fish diseases.
5. Increase the nutrition of fish to improve the resistance of fish to diseases The healthy culture of cold-water fish can increase the nutrition of fish based on the nutrient balance and quality of bait, and can increase the resistance of fish to diseases. Therefore, appropriate nutrient baits should be fed. It is one of the necessary means for healthy breeding.
1 Inorganic salt feeding bait 250 grams of inorganic salt is dissolved in water and mixed with 50 kg of bait and fed to fish and adult fish that have been transported for long distances and surface damage. The osmotic pressure of the fish can be adjusted so that the body fluids can be stored and retained normally, and the growth of skin mucous membranes can be promoted to accelerate the wound healing.
2 Vc and honey nutrition bait Vc10g dissolved in water and 1kg honey stir mixed 100kg bait, fed once every 10 days, can increase the use of protein and fat in fish to promote growth and bone development.
3 feeding Ve and edible oil nutrition baits
Ve 5 g and 1 kg of oil are mixed with 100 kg of bait once a week to increase the utilization of protein and fat in the fish to enhance the anti-anemia function of the fish.
6. Make a good inspection of the introduction of new varieties. When strict inspection and quarantine introduction, we must fully understand the risks of new varieties across regions. We require the introduction of new varieties of field visits, introduction from non-disease areas, and strict quarantine as required. Regulations are supervised.
In addition to strict quarantine and re-inspection work, adult fish breeding enterprises should follow the same site seedling principle when purchasing seedlings to avoid cross-infection of fish diseases carried by seedlings.
7. Use the correct method of application, do a good job of fish disease prevention and control of cold-water fish Healthy aquaculture in the prevention and treatment of fish diseases in addition to symptomatic remedy, the drug is accurate, the correct method of application is extremely important. The fish disease prevention and treatment drugs are divided into in vitro and in vivo drug use. In vitro drug application methods include sputum, dip and foam, and the method of administering drugs in vivo is feeding a drug bait.
The drugs used in quail are highly irritant and have a high concentration. They are generally (20-50) 10E-6 and they treat surface damage, bacterial and parasitic diseases. Suitable for small size or long-distance transport of fish species, requiring the fish into the liquid instantly out. For example: Use 5010E-6 iodine for disinfection.
The drugs used for dipping have a certain degree of irritation and a high concentration, generally (10 ~ 15) 10E-6, to treat parasite diseases and prevent bacterial diseases. When used in the sub-pool operation in fish breeding, it is required to remove the sub-pool fish into the liquid for about 10 minutes. For example: treatment with 2510E-6 formalin solution for the treatment of echinococcosis.
The drug used in the blister is maintained for a relatively long period of time under a certain concentration, and the general concentration is about 510E-6 or less for about 1 hour to treat bacterial diseases, intractable parasites and viral diseases. It is required to appropriately reduce the exchange volume and water level of the water body, and evenly pour liquor liquid at the water inlet above the fishing pond. Then, the drip tube is used to quantitatively add the medicine into the water inlet to maintain the concentration of the traditional Chinese medicine liquid for a certain period of time. For example: treatment of bacterial gill disease with benzalkonium disinfectant 210E-6.
Drugs used for feeding baits include Chinese herbs, antibiotics, and iodine preparations. Chinese herbal medicine requires ultrafine crushing and feeding into bait to make baits; antibiotics can be added into edible oil to stir in bait; iodine preparations as internal fertilizers are generally small in dosage and soluble in water and can be directly mixed with water and sprayed on bait. . When feeding baits, the number of feedings should be reduced, and the feeding amount should be 70% of the normal feeding amount, so that the fish is in a state of semi-starvation, which increases the desire of the fish to ingest the bait.
1. Choosing a good water source and ensuring proper water temperature The cold-water fish cultured species are two major species, eel and eel. Their primitive living environments are mountain streams and rivers, respectively. Natural waters are of good quality and have low water temperatures. Therefore, in the selection of water sources for cold-water fish farming, spring water and river water with fresh water quality should be selected, and the water temperature should be 10°C to 18°C. The farms that use rivers with higher water temperatures as a source of water can supplement part of the groundwater in the summer to lower the water temperature.
2. Construction of a fishpond structure that meets the needs of healthy aquaculture The coldwater fish rearing ponds are preferably rectangular or square blunt structures. There are no dead angles, reasonable watering, and the fish can be evenly distributed throughout the pond. The fishing pond is 4 meters wide and not more than long. 15 meters is good. The fish pond outlet is provided with a layer of two barriers to prevent the occurrence of pathogenic cross-infection in fish ponds. Fishing pond water supply conditions are not good, the use of tandem fish pond water supply should be set up below the outlet of the sedimentation tank to reduce the residual bait fish manure and other metabolites on the bottom pool fish hazards.
3. Scientific and reasonable stocking and feeding The stocking density of cold-water fish can increase with the increase of water exchange and dissolved oxygen, but when the stocking density is above 16 kg/m3, metabolites produced due to metabolism of fish will By increasing the hydration index of hydrogen sulfide, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and nitrite nitrogen in the water body, the fish body will feel physiological discomfort, the fish body will grow slowly, and the ability to resist disease will decrease. Therefore, cold-water fish stocking should be kept in the range of 10 kg to 14 kg/m3 so that both the water body and the fish body's resistance to disease can be fully utilized.
During the fish breeding process, the nutritional balance and quality of the food ingredients must be ensured. Attention should be paid to the control of the feed amount of the feed. Inadequate feeding will cause hunger, fish growth will be uneven, and it will easily lead to parasitic diseases. More likely to occur residual bait pollution, increase the consumption of oxygen and various infectious diseases. Must be scientifically and reasonably fed according to water temperature, fish condition, dissolved oxygen and other factors. And should pay attention to the bait grain size and the fish body size to adapt to, the general bait grain size is the feeding fish mouth crack 2/3 is better.
4. Maintain a Healthy Fish Eco-environment to Reduce Fish Diseases Healthy culture of cold-water fishes is an ecological integrated project. Maintaining a healthy fish eco-environment is an important part of this. Therefore, healthy breeding of cold-water fish should be improved and maintained around the fishing pond environment, and reduce the adverse effects of the surrounding environment on the fishery ecosystem. Always pay attention to whether there is deciduous flow into the inlet, clean the bottom of the tank regularly (1 time per week) to prevent accumulation of residual baits, fecal matter, etc., and algae-like bacteria. Before the bait is fed, it must be sieved and sieved out. Powder, reduce the pollution of the bait to the water environment and the damage to the fish's crotch; when the water source is insufficient and the water temperature of the pool is high, oxygen-added equipment and supplementary groundwater can be used to increase dissolved oxygen in the water to lower the water temperature; for the reuse of the culture water, The UV-C ultraviolet water disinfection and sterilization equipment is installed at the inlet of the fish pond to reduce the total number of microbial flora in the water and avoid cross-infection of fish diseases.
5. Increase the nutrition of fish to improve the resistance of fish to diseases The healthy culture of cold-water fish can increase the nutrition of fish based on the nutrient balance and quality of bait, and can increase the resistance of fish to diseases. Therefore, appropriate nutrient baits should be fed. It is one of the necessary means for healthy breeding.
1 Inorganic salt feeding bait 250 grams of inorganic salt is dissolved in water and mixed with 50 kg of bait and fed to fish and adult fish that have been transported for long distances and surface damage. The osmotic pressure of the fish can be adjusted so that the body fluids can be stored and retained normally, and the growth of skin mucous membranes can be promoted to accelerate the wound healing.
2 Vc and honey nutrition bait Vc10g dissolved in water and 1kg honey stir mixed 100kg bait, fed once every 10 days, can increase the use of protein and fat in fish to promote growth and bone development.
3 feeding Ve and edible oil nutrition baits
Ve 5 g and 1 kg of oil are mixed with 100 kg of bait once a week to increase the utilization of protein and fat in the fish to enhance the anti-anemia function of the fish.
6. Make a good inspection of the introduction of new varieties. When strict inspection and quarantine introduction, we must fully understand the risks of new varieties across regions. We require the introduction of new varieties of field visits, introduction from non-disease areas, and strict quarantine as required. Regulations are supervised.
In addition to strict quarantine and re-inspection work, adult fish breeding enterprises should follow the same site seedling principle when purchasing seedlings to avoid cross-infection of fish diseases carried by seedlings.
7. Use the correct method of application, do a good job of fish disease prevention and control of cold-water fish Healthy aquaculture in the prevention and treatment of fish diseases in addition to symptomatic remedy, the drug is accurate, the correct method of application is extremely important. The fish disease prevention and treatment drugs are divided into in vitro and in vivo drug use. In vitro drug application methods include sputum, dip and foam, and the method of administering drugs in vivo is feeding a drug bait.
The drugs used in quail are highly irritant and have a high concentration. They are generally (20-50) 10E-6 and they treat surface damage, bacterial and parasitic diseases. Suitable for small size or long-distance transport of fish species, requiring the fish into the liquid instantly out. For example: Use 5010E-6 iodine for disinfection.
The drugs used for dipping have a certain degree of irritation and a high concentration, generally (10 ~ 15) 10E-6, to treat parasite diseases and prevent bacterial diseases. When used in the sub-pool operation in fish breeding, it is required to remove the sub-pool fish into the liquid for about 10 minutes. For example: treatment with 2510E-6 formalin solution for the treatment of echinococcosis.
The drug used in the blister is maintained for a relatively long period of time under a certain concentration, and the general concentration is about 510E-6 or less for about 1 hour to treat bacterial diseases, intractable parasites and viral diseases. It is required to appropriately reduce the exchange volume and water level of the water body, and evenly pour liquor liquid at the water inlet above the fishing pond. Then, the drip tube is used to quantitatively add the medicine into the water inlet to maintain the concentration of the traditional Chinese medicine liquid for a certain period of time. For example: treatment of bacterial gill disease with benzalkonium disinfectant 210E-6.
Drugs used for feeding baits include Chinese herbs, antibiotics, and iodine preparations. Chinese herbal medicine requires ultrafine crushing and feeding into bait to make baits; antibiotics can be added into edible oil to stir in bait; iodine preparations as internal fertilizers are generally small in dosage and soluble in water and can be directly mixed with water and sprayed on bait. . When feeding baits, the number of feedings should be reduced, and the feeding amount should be 70% of the normal feeding amount, so that the fish is in a state of semi-starvation, which increases the desire of the fish to ingest the bait.
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