In recent years, China's large-scale pig production has achieved rapid development. However, due to the large number of pigs, high stocking density, and small range of movement, many farms produce excrement piled up, sewage is discharged, and the surrounding environment is seriously polluted. It directly affects the hygiene and epidemic prevention of the farm itself, reduces the quality of livestock products, and provides favorable conditions for the occurrence and spread of certain diseases. For this reason, how to provide a good environment for the growth and breeding of pigs through a series of measures such as perfecting the layout of the inside and outside of pig farms and the process design of pig houses according to the biological characteristics of pigs is of utmost importance. 1. External environment control (1) Planting trees and planting grass to carry out greening around the pig farms and in the field areas to plant trees and grasses to carry out environmental afforestation plays an important role in improving the microclimate. Roadside trees are planted on both sides of the road in the farm. Fast-growing, tall deciduous trees, such as fast-growing poplar, are planted between each pig house. Vegetables, flowers and shrubs are planted in the open space on the farm, and 5-10 are planted on the outside of the farm. Meter wide windbreak. In this way, in the cold winter, the wind speed in the field can be reduced by 70%-80%, and the hot summer temperature can be reduced by 10%-20%, and the toxic and harmful gases in the air of the field can also be reduced by 25%. 50% reduction, 30% -50% dust reduction, and 20%-80% reduction of bacteria in the air. (2) Do a good job of manure treatment A pig's daily excretion of feces and urine is calculated as 6kg, which is 5 times that of human excretion and urine output. The annual output of excreta is about 2.5 tons. If flushed manure is used, the daily discharge of a pig is about 30kg. A thousand pig farms excrete up to 6 tons of fecal urine per day, excreted 2,500 tons of fecal urine every year; using water to flush feces, daily production of 30 tons of wastewater, annual discharge of more than 10,000 tons of sewage. It has been determined that the BOD (biochemical air requirement) in the daily fecal urine of adult pigs is 13 times that of human feces. If these high-concentration organic wastewaters are not effectively treated, they will inevitably cause excrement overflowing, stinking, and mosquitoes flies. There are many pathogenic microorganisms, which can also cause secondary pollution to the pigs. If the waste is discharged into rivers or ponds at will, the water quality can be eutrophicated, and sometimes residual chemicals such as acids, alkalis, phenols, aldehydes, and chlorides can be contained in the sewage, which can kill fish. Shrimp can make the plants wither. If you ignore or do not do a good job of pig manure treatment, not only directly affect the health of the pigs, but also affect the living environment of people nearby. Dung of pig farms includes both solids and liquids: First, solids, ie dry manure, are easier to handle. Can be directly sold to farmers for fertilizer or bait, biological fermentation can also be carried out to produce pig manure bio-organic fertilizer, which in addition to maintaining the pig manure itself, the beneficial bacteria can play a role in deodorant, dehumidification, killing The role of pathogenic microorganisms. If you add the appropriate vegetable bran, a variety of trace elements can also be made of efficient bio-organic fertilizer. The dried product is easy to pack, transport and use. This will not only eliminate pollution sources, but also create considerable economic benefits. To this end, large-scale pig farms should use artificial excrement as the main, as far as possible without water flushing the fence, the implementation of the separation of manure and water, in order to improve the pig manure organic fertilizer production and quality. The second is that the liquid, ie the sewage, is discharged from the ditch of each pig house to a high concentration of organic sewage in the sewage pool. The current treatment method is generally first solid and liquid separation (precipitation method, filtration method, centrifugation method, etc.) to treat the separated solid part as dry manure, and the liquid part is subjected to biological oxidation, anaerobic treatment or used in an artificial wetland. . In areas where water resources are scarce, the treated supernatant after treatment can be recycled and used for washing pigsty. 2. Internal environment control According to the biological characteristics of pigs, pigs are afraid of cold, pigs are afraid of heat, and pigs are not resistant to moisture. They also need clean air and certain light. Therefore, the structure of large-scale pig farms Process design must be considered around these issues. These factors, in turn, affect each other and restrict each other. For example, in order to maintain the temperature in winter, the doors and windows are closed, but the air is polluted; in the summer, flushing water to pigs and pigsty can reduce the temperature but increase the humidity inside the house. It can be seen that the microclimate regulation in the pig house must be comprehensively considered in order to create an environmental condition conducive to the growth and development of the herd. (1) The temperature and temperature play a leading role in environmental factors. The pig is very sensitive to the temperature of the environment. The main manifestations are as follows: The piglet is cold and the low temperature has the greatest harm to newborn piglets. If it is exposed to 1°C for 2 hours, it will be It can be frozen, frozen, and even frozen. Even if the adult pig is in the environment of -8°C for a long time, it can be frozen without food or drink, and the body is trembling. The thin pig is frozen at -5°C and is unstable. At the same time, cold is the main cause of diarrheal diseases such as yellow piglets, white diarrhea and contagious gastroenteritis, as well as respiratory diseases. Tests have shown that if nursery pigs live in an environment below 1°C, their weight gain will be reduced by 4.3% compared with the control and feed reward will be reduced by about 5%. In the cold season, the temperature requirement for adult pigs should not be lower than 10°C, and the nursery should be kept at 18°C. 2-3 weeks old piglets need about 26°C, while piglets within 1 week of age need 30°C, and the temperature in the incubator is even higher. The temperature difference between day and night in spring and autumn can reach more than 10°C, and it is easy to induce various diseases of pigs. Therefore, during this period, it is required to timely close and open doors and windows to reduce the temperature difference between day and night. Adult pigs have poor heat-resistance. When the temperature is higher than 28°C, large pigs weighing more than 75kg may experience asthma. If the temperature exceeds 30°C, the feed intake of pigs will decrease significantly, feed compensation will decrease, and the growth rate will be slow. When the temperature is higher than 35°C and no measures are taken to prevent heatstroke, individual finishing pigs may suffer from heat stroke, pregnant sows may cause miscarriage, boar libido declines, semen quality is poor, and it is difficult to recover within 2-3 months. . The temperature in the pig house depends on the source of heat in the pig house and the degree of loss. In the absence of heating equipment, the source of heat depends mainly on the amount of heat emitted by pigs and sunlight. The amount of heat loss is related to the structure of the pig house, building materials, ventilation equipment and management and other factors. In the cold season, piglets and nursery pigs She should add warming and insulation facilities. In the hot summer season, the adult pigs should be provided with sunstroke prevention and cooling. Such as increasing ventilation, giving a shower, speed up the heat loss, reduce the density of pigs to reduce the heat source in the house, which can effectively improve the performance of fattening pigs, pregnant sows and breeding boars. (2) Humidity Humidity refers to the amount of water in the air in the pig house, which is usually expressed in terms of relative humidity. The suitable humidity range for pigs is 65%-80%. Tests have shown that the temperature is the best for pigs in the environment of 14°C-23°C and relative humidity of 50%-80%. The growth rate is fast and the fattening effect is good. The high humidity in the pig house affects the metabolism of the pig and is one of the main causes of yellow and white piglets. It also induces muscle and joint diseases. To prevent excessive humidity, we must first reduce the source of water in the pigsty, use less or no water to flush the pigsty, keep the ground flat, avoid accumulation of water, set up ventilation equipment, and often open doors and windows to reduce indoor humidity. (3) Air-scale pig farm Due to the high density of pigs, the volume of the pig house is relatively small and confined. A large amount of carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and dust accumulate in the pig house, and the maximum allowable harmful gas in the pig house air The value of carbon dioxide is 3000ppm, ammonia is 30ppm, and hydrogen sulfide is 20ppm. Excessive air pollution often occurs in the cold season where windows and doors are closed. If a pig lives in this environment for a long time, it first stimulates the upper respiratory tract mucosa, and the pig is very susceptible to infection or respiratory disease. Such as pig asthma, infectious pleuropneumonia, porcine pulmonary epidemics, etc., dirty air can also cause stress syndrome in pigs, manifested in reduced appetite, reduced lactation, drunk or drowsy, chewing ear Such phenomena. Pighouses on large-scale farms require ventilation for any season. Fully enclosed pig houses are fully reliant on exhaust fans for ventilation. The following parameters can be used for ventilation: The minimum air exchange rate required in winter is 0.14-0.28 cubic meters per minute per 100 kg of pig weight, and the maximum ventilation rate in summer is 100. Kilogram pigs weigh 0.7-1.4 cubic meters per minute. Minimizing harmful gas in the pig house is an important measure to improve pig production performance. Apart from paying attention to ventilation, it is also necessary to do a good job in the hygiene management of the pig house, remove the excrement and sewage in time, and prevent it from decomposing in the pig house. Especially in winter, it is necessary to pay attention to the habit of setting up pigs to a playground or a pig house for excretion and urine excretion. Keeping the pig house clean and dry is the main means to reduce the generation of harmful gases. Ventilation is an important method to eliminate harmful gases. When the heat insulation and ventilation occur in the cold season, the disinfectant can be sprayed into the piggery regularly. The released oxygen can oxidize the hydrogen sulfide and ammonia in the air to play a role in sterilization, deodorization, dust reduction, and air purification. The role. (4) Proper light illumination can promote the metabolism of pigs, accelerate their bone growth and sterilize. Tests have shown that the increase of light from breeding sows to 60-100 lux can increase the reproduction rate by 4.5%-8.5%, increase the litter weight of newborn pigs by 0.7-1.6 kilograms, and increase the breeding rate of piglets by 7.7%-12.1%. The increase in illuminance of piglet pigs and bred pigs to 60-70 lux can reduce the incidence of piglets by 9.3%; the sow lining in the nursing sow can maintain light for 16 hours per day, which can induce sows to become estrus early. Normal sows, piglets and pigs should keep the light in the 50-100 lux, light 14-18 hours a day, boars and finishing pigs should keep lighting 8-10 hours a day, but in the summer to avoid direct sunlight to the pig House. 3. Nutritional environment control (1) Formulating amino acid balance The dietary amino acid balanced diet refers to the diet formulated according to the "ideal protein model", ie, the diet in which the amino acid level of the diet is compatible with the amino acid level of the animal. According to reports, on the basis of meeting the needs of effective amino acids, the protein level of the diet can be appropriately reduced. According to research data, the excrement of livestock and poultry, the excretion of contaminants from the housing, waste, and harmful gases are all related to the components of the diet of livestock and poultry. When the protein content in the pig diet was reduced by 1%, the nitrogen output was reduced by 8.4%. If the crude protein content in the diet is reduced from 18% to 15%, nitrogen emissions can be reduced by 25%. If the protein in the diet of the chicken is reduced by 2%, the fecal nitrogen output can be reduced by 20%. Fecal contamination odor is mainly caused by the corruption of protein, which is caused by incomplete absorption of nutrients in the diet. If the dietary protein digestibility is increased or the protein supply of the diet is reduced, the generation of malodorous substances will be greatly reduced. This not only saves protein resources, but it is also an important measure to fundamentally improve the environment of the pig house. (2) Reasonable use of feed additives Adding enzyme preparations, acidifiers, prebiotics, and yucca extracts to the diet can better maintain the balance of intestinal microflora in livestock and poultry, increase feed digestibility, and reduce environmental pollution. When the activity of harmful bacteria such as E. coli in the intestinal tract of animals increases, proteins are converted to ammonia, amines, and other harmful substances or gases, and the rational use of feed additives can reduce excessive production of ammonia and other putrefactive substances, and reduce intestinal contents. The content of ammonia in the feces reduces the content of cresols, quinones, skatole, etc. in the intestinal contents, thereby reducing the odor of the feces. The aminated oxidase produced by Bacillus in the large intestine and enzymes that decompose sulfides can completely oxidize the odorous quinone compounds to odourless, non-toxic, non-polluting substances. At the same time, Bacillus can also reduce the concentration of blood ammonia in animals. In addition, the addition of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus faecalis to the feed can reduce the ammonia emissions of animals, purify the air in the pig house, reduce the content of nitrogen in the excreta and reduce the pollution to the environment. (3) Feeding at the implementation stage, raising the management level and keeping at the stage of implementation can meet the different nutritional needs of the animals in different growth stages. As the body weight of livestock and poultry increases, maintenance needs to decrease, fat deposition tissue increases, lean tissue deposition decreases, feed intake increases, and the nutrient concentration of the required diet gradually decreases. Experiments have shown that multi-stage feeding can increase feed conversion rate by 70%, urine nitrogen can be reduced by 14.7%, and ammonia emissions can be reduced by 16.8%. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the management of feeding and improve the technical level. At present, the feed-to-meat ratio of pigs in developed countries is 2.4:1, while only a few in China reach 3.5:1. It can be seen that the large amount of food that is fed into China's livestock and poultry is not digested and excreted, which wastes feed and pollutes the environment. Therefore, improving the scientific level of feed management is also an important measure for the environmental regulation of large-scale pig farms. In short, we must do a good job in controlling the environment for large-scale pig farms. We must comprehensively consider the internal and external environment, nutritional factors, and management measures of the farm. Only in this way can we maximize the production performance of the pigs and increase them. Farm (household) economic benefits.
Spinach is a biennial vegetable in the Chenopodiaceae family. The main root is thick and long, red and sweet. The leaves are triangular-ovate, dark green, and the basal leaves and stem small leaves are longer and fleshier than the stalk.
Originally from Persia, it was introduced to my country in the Tang Dynasty and is now cultivated everywhere. It is a green leafy vegetable that is supplied to the market all year round.
Spinach can be divided into two types: pointed leaves and round leaves. Pointy leaf type, the leaves are arrow-shaped, the petioles are long and the mesophyll is thin, the roots are thick and the sugar content is high, and the quality is good. The autumn and winter blanket spinach belongs to this type. Round leaf type, the leaves are round, the oval shape is oval, the leaves are large and fleshy, the petioles are short and broad, and the oxalic acid content is high. Spring and summer spinach mostly belongs to this type.
The quality requirements of spinach: dark green color, red roots, no water, not old stems and leaves, no bolting flowers, no yellow rotten leaves is better.
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