Occurrence and Control of Rice Downy Mildew

Chinese name: Rice downy mildew Chinese alias: yellowing shrinking disease Latin scientific name: Sclerophthoramacrospora (Sacc.) Thirumcta1. Damaged crops: Rice damage symptoms: symptoms occur in the late fields of Putian, and symptoms are significant at the peak of delivery. The diseased plants were dwarfed and the leaves were light green. The leaves had yellowish-white dots, round or elliptical, often lining up linearly. After the booting, the diseased plants were significantly dwarfed and the plant height was less than half of the healthy plants. The leaves are short and thick, and the heart is yellowish-white, sometimes curved or twisted, not easy to pull out, and the lower leaves gradually die. Leaf sheaths are slightly lofty, irregularly corrugated, and sometimes wrinkled or distorted. The diseased plantings decreased, one was susceptible, and the others were all susceptible. The ear is deformed and cannot be extracted normally. The ear is small but not real, sometimes the spikelet is reduced to leaf shape. The morphological characteristics of the pathogen: The hyphae and oospore of the bacteria are born in the intercellular space, and the cyst stems protrude from the stomata, often in pairs. There are three rare, short and thick, infrequent branches, and the top produces 3 to 4 short Branchlets, tip forming sporangia. The sporangia are oval or elliptical, colorless or purple-brown. The oospore is easily visible after the booting. The mature oospores are spherical or near ovate, bright yellow, and the surface is smooth or slightly wrinkled. Distribution area: Southern area and The characteristics of the disease were found in the northeast: wintering with oospore. Often survive in wetlands, spread by water. In flooded and low-lying rice fields, it usually occurs 2 to 3 weeks after flooding. Low temperature and rain are beneficial. Control methods: 1. Improve the irrigation and drainage system of sick fields so as not to flood the seedlings. 2. Select the land with higher ground as Putian, pay attention to the management of Putian, and prevent flooding. 3, timely removal of diseased plants to control the spread of the disease. 4. Frequently-occurring areas and large flooded seedlings can be sprayed with 50% carbendazim WP or 50% thiophanate wettable powder, 50-75 g mu, and sprayed with water. Commonly used agents: 50% carbendazim WP 50% thiophanate wettable powder

Pharmaceutical intermediates

Drug Intermediates -Pharmaceutical intermediates: A material that is produced during a process step of the drug substance and must undergo further molecular changes or refining before it becomes a drug substance. The intermediates can be separated or not separated.

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (APIS)(or Drug Substance) : Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)(or Drug Substance) : Any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products and, when used in pharmaceutical products, to be an active ingredient in pharmaceutical products. Such substances have pharmacological activity or other direct effects in the diagnosis, treatment, symptom relief, management or prevention of disease, or can affect the function and structure of the body. As can be seen from the definition, the Intermediates APIS is a key product of the previous process of manufacturing the API and has a different structure from the API

Finally, for example, amoxicillin capsules are called preparations, amoxicillin is called APIS, and 6-APA is called Veterinary Intermediates APIS.

Penicillin potassium for injection is called preparation, penicillin potassium is called Veterinary raw materials, and green potassium industrial salt is called intermediate

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