Radish is native to China, has a long history of cultivation, and has a large sown area. It is the main vegetable in autumn and winter. The use of different varieties with cultivation, can be an annual production.
1. Requirements for environmental conditions
(1) Temperature Radish is a semi-cold plant. The seeds can germinate at 2-3°C, and the suitable temperature is 20-25°C. Seedlings can withstand higher temperatures, they can still grow normally at 25°C, and they can tolerate a low temperature of -3-2°C. Stem and leaf growth temperature range is 5-25 °C, suitable temperature is 15-20 °C. The fleshy root growth temperature range is about 6-20°C, and the suitable temperature is 13-18°C. However, different types and varieties can adapt to different temperature ranges. For example, the temperature range of the radish root is large, so it can be cultivated in the season when the temperature is high; the temperature range of the winter radish is small, and it is difficult to generate the hypertrophic fleshy root under high temperature conditions.
(2) Water radish is not tolerant to drought and must maintain a certain degree of soil moisture and air humidity. The soil is too dry and the climate is hot. The spicy taste of the fleshy roots will increase and the quality will be poor. If the water supply is uneven, the fleshy roots are prone to cracking.
(3) Soil and nutrient radish should be suitable for cultivation with moist, rich humus, deep soil, and well-drained loam.
(4) The light radish needs plenty of light. The light is sufficient, the plants are robust, and the photosynthesis is strong, which is a necessary condition for the fleshy root hypertrophy. Without sufficient illumination, the output will be reduced and the quality will be poor.
2. Classification and Variety Radish is generally divided into the following four categories according to the harvest season.
(1) winter radish This type of radish generally autumn harvest winter, mostly large, medium-sized varieties, growth period 70-120 days. Because of the suitable climate in the growing season, the quality is good, the yield is high, and it is resistant to storage. It is the most important type of radish. The main varieties are: 1 red varieties, such as Xuecheng Changhong, Xuzhou Dahongpao, Jiangnong Dahong, Yangzhou Datouhong and Nanjing Zhongqiuhong, Ninghong and so on. 2 green varieties, such as Jiaozhou green radish, beach County green radish, Beijing, the United States and the United States, South agriculture, green radish, Chengdu Qingtou. 3 white varieties, such as Zhejiang University long radish, Taiyuan Lake, Changbai radish, Huangzhou radish, Chongqing grass radish, Chengdu round root, Guangzhou locomotive radish, South River Island radish, Guangdong white radish.
(2) Summer radish This type of radish is usually harvested in summer and autumn, with a growth period of 50-90 days, such as Hangzhou hook white radish, Chengdu covered with red, Wuhan hot hybrid No. 4 radish, Zhengda Xia Changbai and so on.
(3) Spring radish This type of radish is sown in the Yangtze River valley for the late autumn and early winter. The spring harvest is characterized by strong cold resistance, strict conditions for the vernalization phase, and late bolting and is not easy to hollow. Such as Wuhan Spring is not old, Yunnan March radish.
(4) Four seasons radish This type of radish is small, heat-resistant, not easily convulsed, the growth period is very short, in addition to cold, you can sow at any time. Such as the Shanghai red carrot, Nanjing Yanghua radish, Chengdu wolfberry radish.
3. Cultivation Techniques
(1) The land for planting radish with soil preparation and basal fertilization must be ploughed deeply and must be crushed in order to facilitate the growth of fleshy roots. The general requirement for fertilization is based on basal fertilizer supplemented by top dressing. Radish roots are well developed and need to be applied to basal. The peasants have the slang phrase “Filling up fat leaves, basal fatâ€. - General base fertilizer accounted for 70% of the total amount of fertilizer. Taking winter radishes as an example, 250,000 to 4,000 kilograms of manure, 25 to 30 kilograms of superphosphate, and 50 kilograms of plant ash are used for every 667 square meters of land. After ploughing into the soil, 2500 to 3,000 kilograms of human and animal wastes are applied, and they are then ploughed into the soil after drying. Do you know? The way to do this depends on the species, soil quality, topography and climatic conditions. Large radish roots are large and deep, and they must be high-spirited. In rainy seasons in southern rainy regions, large or small breeds must be made into sorghum.
(2) Sowing 1 Seeding period: The appropriate sowing period should be determined according to the needs of the market and the biological characteristics of each species. Such as winter radish, timely and appropriate early sowing in the fall, so that seedlings can grow at 20-25 °C temperature, for the future to lay a good foundation for fleshy root hypertrophy. The spring radish is cultivated in the south and is usually planted from late October to mid-November. The harvest period is from February to March in the coming year. Winter radish usually sowed in late August to mid-September, harvesting period from November to December.
2 Seeding rate: The seeding rate depends on the seed quality, soil quality, climate and seeding method. Generally large varieties of winter radish sown 0.5-0.6 kg per 667 square meters; medium-sized varieties sown 0.7-1 kg; small varieties used sowing method, sowing 1-1.5 kg per 667 square meters.
3 Sowing density: According to the local production conditions and species characteristics, to determine a reasonable sowing density. General large-sized cultivars are 40-50 cm in spacing and 35 cm in spacing; medium-sized cultivars are spaced 17-27 cm apart and 17-20 cm in spacing.
Seeding techniques, when planting should be poured enough water, there are two methods of watering, one is poured first water or manure, and then sowing, cover soil; second is the first sowing, pouring water or manure behind the cover. In the former method, the bottom water is sufficient, the soil surface is loose, and seedlings are easy to emerge; the latter method is easy to make soil compaction, and must be watered before emergence to keep the soil moist and the seedlings are easy to unearth. Seeds sowed at the time of sowing should be moderately dense, the seedlings of dense seedlings should not be grown well, and the seedlings should be more laborious. The seed sowing seeds 5-7 seeds per hole, and to spread. After sowing, the cover soil is about 2 cm thick and it should not be too thick.
(3) Field management 1 seedling: and time seedlings (equipment seedlings), to avoid crowding of seedlings, mutual shade, poor light. The principle of early seedlings and late seedlings can be mastered. When the general plant has 1-2 leaves, the first time the seedlings are kept, leaving 3 plants per hole; when there are 3-4 leaves, the second time the seedlings are transplanted; when there are 5-6 leaves, the seedlings will be left in each hole. 1 strain.
2 watering: radish weak drought resistance, timely and appropriate supply of water, in a hot dry environment, poor growth of fleshy roots, often lead to radish lean, fiber, rough and spicy thick, easy hollow. Too much water is not good, the leaf is easy to grow, and the amount of fleshy root growth is also affected, and it is easy to develop. Therefore, pay attention to reasonable watering. In general, seedlings need to be watered less to promote the growth of roots to the depths; the leaves need more water to grow in full bloom, and appropriate irrigation should be used, but not too much, so as not to cause appetite; the rapid expansion of fleshy roots should be fully and evenly watered. In order to promote the full growth of fleshy roots, more fat; stop irrigation before harvest to improve quality and storage. In areas with hot and dry climates, proper addition of some human and animal excreta in irrigation water has the effect of resisting drought; in rainy areas, attention should be paid to drainage.
3 top-dressing: radish in the early growth period, the need for more nitrogen, is conducive to promoting vegetative growth; in the middle and late should be increased phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to promote the rapid expansion of fleshy roots. It has been determined that approximately 30 kg of nitrogen, 15 kg of phosphorus, and 24 kg of potassium per 5,000 kg of large radish are needed, and these data can be used as a reference for the amount of fertilizer. Fertilizers can be applied less to the cultivars that have a shorter base period and a shorter growth period. The medium-sized radish top dressing is used more than 3 times, mainly in the early stage of vigorous growth in the world. The first and second top dressings are combined with uniform seedlings. The third top dressing is applied when the belly is broken, and the superphosphate is applied at 667 square meters at the same time. Each 5 kg of calcium and potassium sulfate. When a large radish reaches the "bare shoulder," it will take 10 to 20 kilograms of potassium sulfate every 667 square meters. If the conditions permit, potassium fertilizer may be applied again during vigorous growing period of radish. Pay attention not to pour on the leaves when applying topdressing.
4 Cultivated weeding and earth-cultivation: During the growth of radish, cultivating loose soil several times, as appropriate, especially in the season where weeds are apt to breed, we must also cultivating and weeding. Generally, the cultivator should not be deep, and only the topsoil can be loosened, and it should be carried out before the closure. For sorghum cultivation, it is necessary to combine cultivators, carry out soil cultivation, and arrange the oysters. Long-shaped radish varieties must also be rooted in order to avoid deformation of the meat roots. Plants grow too dense and later remove old yellow leaves to facilitate ventilation.
4. Pest Control
(1) Pest Control 1 Locust: There are two kinds, radish and peach, which harm other cruciferous vegetables in addition to radish. Available 40% Dimethoate 0.5 kg Water 500, 1000 kg, or 50% Malathion EC 0.5 kg Water 400-500 kg, or 25% Dithiophos EC 0.5 kg 250-500 kg, or 50% resistant Converse wettable powder 0.5 kg water 1000--1500 kg, or 2.5% deltamethrin EC 0.5 kg water 3000-4000 kg, or 20% chemiproate EC 0.5 kg water 2000-2500 kg, spray control.
2 dishes: also known as borers, mainly harm cruciferous vegetables, radish, cabbage, the most serious victims. The following drug sprays can be used to control: 90% crystal trichlorfon 0.5 kg water 500 kg, or 25% imnisol 0.5 kg water 150-200 kg, or 50% of malathion, pyrethroid insecticides (concentration See locust control). Due to the larvae of the larvae, the larvae of the cabbage larvae are hidden in the cabbage, and the pesticides are not easily contacted with the worms. Therefore, the spraying is earlier. Before the larvae have been shed, the spraying is continued 2 or 3 times.
3 Plutella xylostella: also known as hanging silkworm, black light lamp can be used to trap larvae. The pesticides and concentrations controlled by pesticides can be found in the control of rapeseed meal.
4 Yellow stripe jumps: The pesticides and concentrations controlled by the chemicals can be found in the control of rapeseed meal. When spraying, first start from around the edge of the field and inward to prevent the armor from fleeing. When the larvae occur severely and damage the roots, 90% crystals of trichlorfon 0.5 kg and 1000 kg of water can be used for irrigation.
(2) Disease Prevention and Control Radishes The main diseases are soft rot, white spot, black spot, virus disease, downy mildew and so on. Comprehensive prevention and control of diseases should be taken to reduce the disease conditions, eliminate pathogens, and enhance plant disease resistance. Such as the use of healthy seeds without disease, seed disinfection, the implementation of rotation, deep sorghum sorghum, keep the pastoral clean, pest control, etc., if necessary, use of chemical control.
5. Problems often encountered in production
(1) Pre-existing convulsions Convulsive pre-convulsions mean that the root of the fleshy root has not been sufficiently enlarged, that is, it has been pumped or even flowered. This is often the case with root vegetables, especially radishes, which cause the roots of the meat to become dense and loose and solid to become hollow and lose their food value. The occurrence of pre-convulsions is closely related to the developmental requirements of each variety and the influence of external environmental conditions. For example, when the fleshy root is not hypertrophied or is positively enlarged, it encounters low temperature and long days, and satisfies the conditions required for the bolting and flowering of the variety, and the plant will twitch and blossom.
The use of suitable varieties in different cultivation seasons, appropriate sowing, and adoption of good cultivation techniques can prevent or reduce the occurrence of pre-convulsions.
(2) Cracking, hollowing and bifurcation of fleshy roots 1 Cracking: The cracking of fleshy roots is mainly caused by the uneven supply of soil moisture in the growing season. Such as autumn and winter radish in the early stages of growth, encounter high temperature and drought and water supply is insufficient, the fleshy root cortex tissue gradually hardening, to the late stage of the growth of temperature suitable beans, water is sufficient, the xylem cells in the roots of the flesh quickly split and expand, the internal cells can not be corresponding As the ground grows, cracking occurs. The prevention measures include timely irrigation when the radish is in a dry condition in the early stage of radish growth, and even water supply in the middle and late period when the roots of the radish are rapidly expanding.
2 Hollow: The root cause of fleshy roots is rapid cell growth, lack of nutrient supply, and rapid reduction of intracellular nutrient content. Hollow mainly occurs when the growth of the leaf is nearly stopped, and the roots of the flesh expand rapidly, which is related to varieties, cultivation conditions and cultivation techniques. For example, early-maturing varieties are hollow, late-maturing varieties are hollow, sandy soils are hollow early, and hollow clay soil is late; poor soil drainage, high temperature and drought, uneven fertilization, and insufficient water supply are easy to hollow; too late harvesting or convulsions and flowering are also easy. Cause hollow. In order to avoid or reduce the occurrence of hollow phenomena, the above-mentioned various adverse factors should be avoided in cultivation.
3 Bifurcation: When the lateral roots of the fleshy roots are enlarged, bifurcations are formed. The main reason is that the tillage layer is too shallow, the soil is hard, and hard objects such as gravel, crumbs, and roots are not removed, impeding the growth of the fleshy roots. Application of unfamiliar human and animal urine, nutrition area is too large can cause bifurcation. Prevention methods include deep plowing of the soil, appropriate fertilization, appropriate planting density, and live broadcasting.
1. Requirements for environmental conditions
(1) Temperature Radish is a semi-cold plant. The seeds can germinate at 2-3°C, and the suitable temperature is 20-25°C. Seedlings can withstand higher temperatures, they can still grow normally at 25°C, and they can tolerate a low temperature of -3-2°C. Stem and leaf growth temperature range is 5-25 °C, suitable temperature is 15-20 °C. The fleshy root growth temperature range is about 6-20°C, and the suitable temperature is 13-18°C. However, different types and varieties can adapt to different temperature ranges. For example, the temperature range of the radish root is large, so it can be cultivated in the season when the temperature is high; the temperature range of the winter radish is small, and it is difficult to generate the hypertrophic fleshy root under high temperature conditions.
(2) Water radish is not tolerant to drought and must maintain a certain degree of soil moisture and air humidity. The soil is too dry and the climate is hot. The spicy taste of the fleshy roots will increase and the quality will be poor. If the water supply is uneven, the fleshy roots are prone to cracking.
(3) Soil and nutrient radish should be suitable for cultivation with moist, rich humus, deep soil, and well-drained loam.
(4) The light radish needs plenty of light. The light is sufficient, the plants are robust, and the photosynthesis is strong, which is a necessary condition for the fleshy root hypertrophy. Without sufficient illumination, the output will be reduced and the quality will be poor.
2. Classification and Variety Radish is generally divided into the following four categories according to the harvest season.
(1) winter radish This type of radish generally autumn harvest winter, mostly large, medium-sized varieties, growth period 70-120 days. Because of the suitable climate in the growing season, the quality is good, the yield is high, and it is resistant to storage. It is the most important type of radish. The main varieties are: 1 red varieties, such as Xuecheng Changhong, Xuzhou Dahongpao, Jiangnong Dahong, Yangzhou Datouhong and Nanjing Zhongqiuhong, Ninghong and so on. 2 green varieties, such as Jiaozhou green radish, beach County green radish, Beijing, the United States and the United States, South agriculture, green radish, Chengdu Qingtou. 3 white varieties, such as Zhejiang University long radish, Taiyuan Lake, Changbai radish, Huangzhou radish, Chongqing grass radish, Chengdu round root, Guangzhou locomotive radish, South River Island radish, Guangdong white radish.
(2) Summer radish This type of radish is usually harvested in summer and autumn, with a growth period of 50-90 days, such as Hangzhou hook white radish, Chengdu covered with red, Wuhan hot hybrid No. 4 radish, Zhengda Xia Changbai and so on.
(3) Spring radish This type of radish is sown in the Yangtze River valley for the late autumn and early winter. The spring harvest is characterized by strong cold resistance, strict conditions for the vernalization phase, and late bolting and is not easy to hollow. Such as Wuhan Spring is not old, Yunnan March radish.
(4) Four seasons radish This type of radish is small, heat-resistant, not easily convulsed, the growth period is very short, in addition to cold, you can sow at any time. Such as the Shanghai red carrot, Nanjing Yanghua radish, Chengdu wolfberry radish.
3. Cultivation Techniques
(1) The land for planting radish with soil preparation and basal fertilization must be ploughed deeply and must be crushed in order to facilitate the growth of fleshy roots. The general requirement for fertilization is based on basal fertilizer supplemented by top dressing. Radish roots are well developed and need to be applied to basal. The peasants have the slang phrase “Filling up fat leaves, basal fatâ€. - General base fertilizer accounted for 70% of the total amount of fertilizer. Taking winter radishes as an example, 250,000 to 4,000 kilograms of manure, 25 to 30 kilograms of superphosphate, and 50 kilograms of plant ash are used for every 667 square meters of land. After ploughing into the soil, 2500 to 3,000 kilograms of human and animal wastes are applied, and they are then ploughed into the soil after drying. Do you know? The way to do this depends on the species, soil quality, topography and climatic conditions. Large radish roots are large and deep, and they must be high-spirited. In rainy seasons in southern rainy regions, large or small breeds must be made into sorghum.
(2) Sowing 1 Seeding period: The appropriate sowing period should be determined according to the needs of the market and the biological characteristics of each species. Such as winter radish, timely and appropriate early sowing in the fall, so that seedlings can grow at 20-25 °C temperature, for the future to lay a good foundation for fleshy root hypertrophy. The spring radish is cultivated in the south and is usually planted from late October to mid-November. The harvest period is from February to March in the coming year. Winter radish usually sowed in late August to mid-September, harvesting period from November to December.
2 Seeding rate: The seeding rate depends on the seed quality, soil quality, climate and seeding method. Generally large varieties of winter radish sown 0.5-0.6 kg per 667 square meters; medium-sized varieties sown 0.7-1 kg; small varieties used sowing method, sowing 1-1.5 kg per 667 square meters.
3 Sowing density: According to the local production conditions and species characteristics, to determine a reasonable sowing density. General large-sized cultivars are 40-50 cm in spacing and 35 cm in spacing; medium-sized cultivars are spaced 17-27 cm apart and 17-20 cm in spacing.
Seeding techniques, when planting should be poured enough water, there are two methods of watering, one is poured first water or manure, and then sowing, cover soil; second is the first sowing, pouring water or manure behind the cover. In the former method, the bottom water is sufficient, the soil surface is loose, and seedlings are easy to emerge; the latter method is easy to make soil compaction, and must be watered before emergence to keep the soil moist and the seedlings are easy to unearth. Seeds sowed at the time of sowing should be moderately dense, the seedlings of dense seedlings should not be grown well, and the seedlings should be more laborious. The seed sowing seeds 5-7 seeds per hole, and to spread. After sowing, the cover soil is about 2 cm thick and it should not be too thick.
(3) Field management 1 seedling: and time seedlings (equipment seedlings), to avoid crowding of seedlings, mutual shade, poor light. The principle of early seedlings and late seedlings can be mastered. When the general plant has 1-2 leaves, the first time the seedlings are kept, leaving 3 plants per hole; when there are 3-4 leaves, the second time the seedlings are transplanted; when there are 5-6 leaves, the seedlings will be left in each hole. 1 strain.
2 watering: radish weak drought resistance, timely and appropriate supply of water, in a hot dry environment, poor growth of fleshy roots, often lead to radish lean, fiber, rough and spicy thick, easy hollow. Too much water is not good, the leaf is easy to grow, and the amount of fleshy root growth is also affected, and it is easy to develop. Therefore, pay attention to reasonable watering. In general, seedlings need to be watered less to promote the growth of roots to the depths; the leaves need more water to grow in full bloom, and appropriate irrigation should be used, but not too much, so as not to cause appetite; the rapid expansion of fleshy roots should be fully and evenly watered. In order to promote the full growth of fleshy roots, more fat; stop irrigation before harvest to improve quality and storage. In areas with hot and dry climates, proper addition of some human and animal excreta in irrigation water has the effect of resisting drought; in rainy areas, attention should be paid to drainage.
3 top-dressing: radish in the early growth period, the need for more nitrogen, is conducive to promoting vegetative growth; in the middle and late should be increased phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to promote the rapid expansion of fleshy roots. It has been determined that approximately 30 kg of nitrogen, 15 kg of phosphorus, and 24 kg of potassium per 5,000 kg of large radish are needed, and these data can be used as a reference for the amount of fertilizer. Fertilizers can be applied less to the cultivars that have a shorter base period and a shorter growth period. The medium-sized radish top dressing is used more than 3 times, mainly in the early stage of vigorous growth in the world. The first and second top dressings are combined with uniform seedlings. The third top dressing is applied when the belly is broken, and the superphosphate is applied at 667 square meters at the same time. Each 5 kg of calcium and potassium sulfate. When a large radish reaches the "bare shoulder," it will take 10 to 20 kilograms of potassium sulfate every 667 square meters. If the conditions permit, potassium fertilizer may be applied again during vigorous growing period of radish. Pay attention not to pour on the leaves when applying topdressing.
4 Cultivated weeding and earth-cultivation: During the growth of radish, cultivating loose soil several times, as appropriate, especially in the season where weeds are apt to breed, we must also cultivating and weeding. Generally, the cultivator should not be deep, and only the topsoil can be loosened, and it should be carried out before the closure. For sorghum cultivation, it is necessary to combine cultivators, carry out soil cultivation, and arrange the oysters. Long-shaped radish varieties must also be rooted in order to avoid deformation of the meat roots. Plants grow too dense and later remove old yellow leaves to facilitate ventilation.
4. Pest Control
(1) Pest Control 1 Locust: There are two kinds, radish and peach, which harm other cruciferous vegetables in addition to radish. Available 40% Dimethoate 0.5 kg Water 500, 1000 kg, or 50% Malathion EC 0.5 kg Water 400-500 kg, or 25% Dithiophos EC 0.5 kg 250-500 kg, or 50% resistant Converse wettable powder 0.5 kg water 1000--1500 kg, or 2.5% deltamethrin EC 0.5 kg water 3000-4000 kg, or 20% chemiproate EC 0.5 kg water 2000-2500 kg, spray control.
2 dishes: also known as borers, mainly harm cruciferous vegetables, radish, cabbage, the most serious victims. The following drug sprays can be used to control: 90% crystal trichlorfon 0.5 kg water 500 kg, or 25% imnisol 0.5 kg water 150-200 kg, or 50% of malathion, pyrethroid insecticides (concentration See locust control). Due to the larvae of the larvae, the larvae of the cabbage larvae are hidden in the cabbage, and the pesticides are not easily contacted with the worms. Therefore, the spraying is earlier. Before the larvae have been shed, the spraying is continued 2 or 3 times.
3 Plutella xylostella: also known as hanging silkworm, black light lamp can be used to trap larvae. The pesticides and concentrations controlled by pesticides can be found in the control of rapeseed meal.
4 Yellow stripe jumps: The pesticides and concentrations controlled by the chemicals can be found in the control of rapeseed meal. When spraying, first start from around the edge of the field and inward to prevent the armor from fleeing. When the larvae occur severely and damage the roots, 90% crystals of trichlorfon 0.5 kg and 1000 kg of water can be used for irrigation.
(2) Disease Prevention and Control Radishes The main diseases are soft rot, white spot, black spot, virus disease, downy mildew and so on. Comprehensive prevention and control of diseases should be taken to reduce the disease conditions, eliminate pathogens, and enhance plant disease resistance. Such as the use of healthy seeds without disease, seed disinfection, the implementation of rotation, deep sorghum sorghum, keep the pastoral clean, pest control, etc., if necessary, use of chemical control.
5. Problems often encountered in production
(1) Pre-existing convulsions Convulsive pre-convulsions mean that the root of the fleshy root has not been sufficiently enlarged, that is, it has been pumped or even flowered. This is often the case with root vegetables, especially radishes, which cause the roots of the meat to become dense and loose and solid to become hollow and lose their food value. The occurrence of pre-convulsions is closely related to the developmental requirements of each variety and the influence of external environmental conditions. For example, when the fleshy root is not hypertrophied or is positively enlarged, it encounters low temperature and long days, and satisfies the conditions required for the bolting and flowering of the variety, and the plant will twitch and blossom.
The use of suitable varieties in different cultivation seasons, appropriate sowing, and adoption of good cultivation techniques can prevent or reduce the occurrence of pre-convulsions.
(2) Cracking, hollowing and bifurcation of fleshy roots 1 Cracking: The cracking of fleshy roots is mainly caused by the uneven supply of soil moisture in the growing season. Such as autumn and winter radish in the early stages of growth, encounter high temperature and drought and water supply is insufficient, the fleshy root cortex tissue gradually hardening, to the late stage of the growth of temperature suitable beans, water is sufficient, the xylem cells in the roots of the flesh quickly split and expand, the internal cells can not be corresponding As the ground grows, cracking occurs. The prevention measures include timely irrigation when the radish is in a dry condition in the early stage of radish growth, and even water supply in the middle and late period when the roots of the radish are rapidly expanding.
2 Hollow: The root cause of fleshy roots is rapid cell growth, lack of nutrient supply, and rapid reduction of intracellular nutrient content. Hollow mainly occurs when the growth of the leaf is nearly stopped, and the roots of the flesh expand rapidly, which is related to varieties, cultivation conditions and cultivation techniques. For example, early-maturing varieties are hollow, late-maturing varieties are hollow, sandy soils are hollow early, and hollow clay soil is late; poor soil drainage, high temperature and drought, uneven fertilization, and insufficient water supply are easy to hollow; too late harvesting or convulsions and flowering are also easy. Cause hollow. In order to avoid or reduce the occurrence of hollow phenomena, the above-mentioned various adverse factors should be avoided in cultivation.
3 Bifurcation: When the lateral roots of the fleshy roots are enlarged, bifurcations are formed. The main reason is that the tillage layer is too shallow, the soil is hard, and hard objects such as gravel, crumbs, and roots are not removed, impeding the growth of the fleshy roots. Application of unfamiliar human and animal urine, nutrition area is too large can cause bifurcation. Prevention methods include deep plowing of the soil, appropriate fertilization, appropriate planting density, and live broadcasting.
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