Fertilizer is an indispensable input to ensure national food security and effective supply of agricultural products. However, the excessive application of chemical fertilizers in China has led to a series of problems. In recent years, the national agricultural department has attached great importance to the research and promotion of fertilizer reduction and efficiency technology. At present, what are the key technologies for fertilizer reduction and efficiency enhancement promoted by the state? What kind of technology model can be applied in different regions? Today, Zhou Wei, a researcher at the Institute of Agricultural Resources and Agricultural Regional Planning of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, combined with his fertilizer “973 Program†project. Everyone is questioning.
NE system provides data support for reducing efficiency
At present, China's chemical fertilizer over-application is serious, with an annual consumption of 60 million tons, accounting for 35% of the world's total fertilizer consumption. The amount of chemical fertilizer per unit of cultivated land is three times that of the world average, twice that of European and American countries.
China has a large number of people, which determines China's high-input and high-output intensive production system. To ensure the sustainable development of high-yield food, efficient fertilizer and nutrient, and the realization of multiple goals of ecological environment safety, we must develop key technologies for reducing fertilizer and increasing efficiency according to China's national conditions.
The Institute of Agricultural Sciences of China has developed a recommended fertilization method for rice, wheat and Corn based on yield response and agronomic efficiency. Based on the tens of thousands of effective fertilizer field trials conducted nationwide over the past decade, the method establishes a nutrient database, and studies the intrinsic relationship between soil basic nutrient supply characteristics, agronomic efficiency and yield response, and Based on the optimal nutrient absorption and utilization of characteristic parameters, a recommended fertilization system based on yield response and agronomic efficiency, namely E(NutrientExpert) system, was established.
The NE system has solved the problems of farmers' soil testing conditions and difficulties in nitrogen recommendation by understanding the production level of farmers in the past 3 to 5 years and the fertilization history, and has been widely used in major grain producing areas.
Six common key technology highlights
Balanced fertilization technology The target yield of spring maize in Northeast China is 800-900 kg/mu, and the recommended fertilization amount of N-P2O5-K2O is 12-14 kg, 4 kg and 5 kg respectively (abbreviated as 12-14-4-5, later); The target yield of winter wheat in North China is 500-600 kg/mu, the recommended fertilizer amount is 14-15-8-6; the target yield of summer maize in North China is 600-700 kg/mu, and the recommended fertilizer amount is 16-18-5-6;
The target yield of winter wheat in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is 300-500 kg/mu, and the recommended fertilizer amount is 10-12-5-6.5. The target yield of single-season rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is 600-800 kg/mu, and the recommended fertilizer amount is 11-14-4-5-6~ 8; The target yield of early rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is 450-550 kg/mu, the recommended fertilization amount is 10-6-10, the target yield of late rice is 550-650 kg/mu, and the recommended fertilization amount is 12-5-12.
Organic fertilizer replacement technology Under the recommended nutrient dosage, it is recommended that Northeast spring maize adopt organic fertilizer nitrogen 30%, fertilizer nitrogen 70%, commercial organic fertilizer 100-150 kg/mu, or livestock manure 1000-1500 kg/mu; North China winter wheat organic Fertilizer nitrogen 30%, fertilizer nitrogen 70%, commercial organic fertilizer 150 ~ 200 kg / mu, or livestock and poultry manure 1500 ~ 2000 kg / mu; North China summer corn organic fertilizer nitrogen 30%, fertilizer nitrogen 70%, commercial organic fertilizer 150 ~ 200 kg/mu, or livestock manure 1500-2000 kg/mu;
Winter wheat in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River has 30% organic fertilizer nitrogen, 70% chemical fertilizer nitrogen, 100-150 kg/mu commercial organic fertilizer, or 1000-1500 kg/mu livestock and poultry manure; 20% organic fertilizer nitrogen in single-season rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, 80% fertilizer nitrogen , commercial organic fertilizer 100 ~ 150 kg / mu, or livestock and poultry manure 1000 ~ 1500 kg / mu; early rice and late rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River 20% organic fertilizer nitrogen, fertilizer nitrogen 80%, commercial organic fertilizer 100 ~ 150 kg / acre, or Livestock and poultry manure is 1000-1500 kg/mu.
Straw returning technology suggests that the northeast corn stalks are smashed and returned to the field, buried 20 to 30 cm, and the nitrogen fertilizer base ratio is 2:1; the corn stalks in North China are crushed and returned to the field, buried 10 to 20 cm, and the nitrogen fertilizer base ratio is 7:3;
The wheat straw in North China was smashed and returned to the field, buried 10-20 cm, and the nitrogen fertilizer base ratio was 7:3; the rice straw rotation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River was smashed and returned to the field, buried 10-20 cm, nitrogen fertilizer base ratio 7:3; wheat Straw smashed into the field, buried 10-20 cm, nitrogen fertilizer base chasing ratio of 6:4; double-season rice straw in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River was crushed and returned to the field, buried 20 to 30 cm, nitrogen fertilizer base chasing ratio of 4:6.
The new fertilizer technology uses a one-time fertilization technology that combines slow-release fertilizers with quick-acting fertilizers. It is suggested that the northeast spring maize adopts 30% of slow-release fertilizer (90d) and 70% of urea once; the winter wheat in North China adopts slow-release fertilizer (90d) 40% and urea 60% primary application; North China summer maize adopts slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (60d) 40% and 60% urea once applied;
The winter wheat in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River uses 40% of slow-release fertilizer (90d) and 60% of urea. The single-season rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River uses 40% of slow-release fertilizer (90d) and 60% of urea. Primary and late rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Both slow-release fertilizer (90d) 50% and urea 50% primary application were used. In addition to slow-release fertilizers, high-efficiency new fertilizers such as water-soluble fertilizers, liquid fertilizers, foliar fertilizers, biological fertilizers, and soil conditioners are used according to local conditions.
Fertilizer machinery deep application technology suggests that the northeast spring corn fertilization point is 13 cm below the seed, that is, 15-18 cm below the soil; the winter wheat fertilization point in North China is 5-7 cm below the seed, ie 10 cm below the soil; the North China summer corn fertilization point is in the seed. 5 to 7 cm below, that is, 10 cm below the soil; winter wheat strips in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are applied to the side of the seedlings 5 ​​cm, 10 cm below the soil;
The fertilization point of single-season rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is 5 cm or directly below the seedling side, that is, 12 cm below the soil; the early rice and late rice fertilization points in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are 5 cm or directly below the seedling side, that is, 12 cm below the soil. When the conditions are not available, the fertilizers can be selected according to local conditions, such as deep application of machinery, topdressing machinery, and seeding and sowing machinery.
The water and fertilizer integration technology combines high-efficiency water-saving irrigation, promotes technologies such as drip irrigation and fertilization, and promotes the integration of water and fertilizer to improve the efficiency of fertilizer and water resources utilization.
Different regions to choose technology mode according to local conditions
The principle of fertilization in Northeast China is to control nitrogen, reduce phosphorus, stabilize potassium, and supplement trace elements such as zinc, boron, iron and molybdenum. The main measures are to combine deep pine preparation and conservation tillage, increase the intensity of straw returning, and increase the application of organic fertilizer; implement suitable rotation of soybean and corn in suitable areas, and promote rhizobium in soybeans, peanuts and other crops; Integrated technology for fertilizer and water and fertilizer.
The northeast spring corn organic fertilizer nitrogen strives to reach 20% to 30%, can reduce the fertilizer nitrogen by 20% to 30%, reduce the fertilizer fertilizer by 35% to 50%; the nitrogen fertilizer base is 2:1 lower than the straw return; The release of 90-day slow-release fertilizer and quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer 3:7, combined with chemical fertilizer deep application technology at the time of sowing, further reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus 10%; before jointing, 30% of total nitrogen fertilizer, topdressing The plants are 10-15 cm deep and 8-10 cm deep.
The principle of fertilization in North China is to reduce nitrogen, control phosphorus, stabilize potassium, and supplement trace elements such as sulfur, zinc, iron, manganese and boron. The main measures are periodic deep ploughing of deep pine and protective tillage, implementation of wheat and corn stalk returning to the field, promotion of formula fertilizer, application of organic fertilizer, promotion of corn seed fertilizer and sowing, cotton mechanical topdressing, focusing on wheat water and fertilizer coupling, and promotion of nitrogen fertilizer rearward movement. Technology; vegetables, fruit trees pay attention to the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers, effectively control the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer; facility agriculture uses straw and conditioner to improve salinized soil, promote water and fertilizer integration technology; use lime and other conditioning agents to improve acidified soil and develop orchard green manure.
Winter wheat organic nitrogen reaches 20% to 30%, which can reduce fertilizer nitrogen by 20% to 30%, and reduce fertilizer fertilizer by 35% to 50%; corn stalks are smashed into fields, deep tillage, fine soil preparation, and nitrogen fertilizer base ratio: 3; Advocate the application of release-release period of 90 days of slow-release fertilizer and quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer 4:6; sowing with chemical fertilizer deep application or stratified fertilization, can further reduce nitrogen and phosphorus 10%;
Summer corn light seedling fertilizer, heavy application of big bell mouth fertilizer, straw returning to the field seed fertilizer with the seedling stage application of 70% of total nitrogen fertilizer and all phosphorus, potassium, zinc fertilizer, panicle fertilizer in the big bell mouth chasing Apply 30% of total nitrogen to promote large-grain and multi-grain, increase leaf photosynthetic capacity, prolong panicle functional period, and increase grain weight. Organic nitrogen strives to reach 20% to 30%, can reduce fertilizer nitrogen by 20% to 30%, reduce fertilizer fertilizer by 35% to 50%; straw returning nitrogen fertilizer base ratio of 7:3; advocate application release period of 90 days Slow-release fertilizer and quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer 6:4.
The principle of fertilization in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is to reduce nitrogen, control phosphorus, stabilize potassium, and apply medium and trace element fertilizers such as sulfur, zinc and boron. The main measures are to promote straw returning technology, promote formula fertilizer, increase organic fertilizer, restore the development of winter green rice fertilizer, promote green tea in fruit tea garden, use alkaline conditioners such as calcium magnesium phosphate, lime and silicon calcium to improve acidified soil, and efficient economic gardening. Crops promote water and fertilizer integration technology.
Winter wheat organic nitrogen strives to reach 20% to 30%, can reduce fertilizer nitrogen by 20% to 30%, reduce chemical fertilizer phosphorus by 35% to 50%; nitrogen fertilizer base chasing ratio reaches 7:3 under straw return; advocate release period of 90 Days of slow-release fertilizer and quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer 4:6; combined with chemical fertilizers in planting, can further reduce nitrogen and phosphorus 10%; single-season rice organic nitrogen strives to reach 20% to 30%, can reduce fertilizer nitrogen 20% to 30 %, reducing fertilizer phosphorus by 35% to 50%;
The nitrogen fertilizer base chasing ratio is 7:3 when the straw is returned to the field; the application of the release-release period of 90 days of slow-release fertilizer and quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer is 4:6, and the deep application of chemical fertilizer machinery can further reduce the application of nitrogen and phosphorus by 10%; Rice organic nitrogen strives to reach 20% to 30%, can reduce fertilizer nitrogen by 20% to 30%, reduce fertilizer fertilizer by 35% to 50%; nitrogen fertilizer base can be compared with straw to fall to 6:4; application release period is 90 The slow-release fertilizer and the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer of the day are 5:5; when the transplanting is combined with the deep application of the chemical fertilizer, the nitrogen and phosphorus can be further reduced by 10%.
The website of this paper: How to reduce the amount of fertilizer and how to promote the six key technologies of fertilizer reduction and efficiency
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