Humic acid is a non-uniform aromatic hydroxy hydroxy acid. It has a brownish black powder or granules. It is insoluble in water and is widely found in nature. Soil, mud brown coal and soil coal are the main sources of humic acid . So far, humic acid still lacks strict definition and chemical formula, and the relative molecular mass is between 10,000 and 100,000,000. Due to different regions and sources, the structure and performance are also different. According to the size and nature of the molecular weight, it is classified into black humic acid, brown humic acid, fulvic acid, etc. According to research, humic acid contains a considerable number of oxygen-containing functional groups, mainly carboxyl groups, phenol groups, hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups and methoxy groups. The carboxyl group and the phenol group make it acidic, so it has cation exchange property and complexing ability, and can form soluble and insoluble salts with NH4+, alkali metals and trace elements, and organic-inorganic composites with different degrees of stability.
Content of each component in natural humic acid (mass fraction): C-62.7% H-6.1% N-0.4% O-3.06% Organic S-0.08% functional group carboxyl group 6.3% hydroxyl group 4.4%. Content of each component (mass fraction) of humic acid isolated from oxidized brown coal: C-68.8% H-3.15% N-1.44% organic S-0.53% carboxyl hydroxyl group. The effectiveness of humic acid is related to the content of its reactive groups, especially the carboxyl group.
Humic acid has the following effects in agriculture
1. Humic acid can improve the soil
(1) Improvement of saline-alkali land
A. Promote the formation of soil aggregates: Soil aggregates are the basic unit of soil structure. The use of humic acid can change the physicochemical properties of soil with high salt content, excessive alkalinity, high soil particle dispersion and poor soil structure, promote the formation of soil aggregates, and make it into a good state, thus creating the root growth of plants. good conditions. (Xinjiang Biological, Soil, Desert Research Institute test results)
B. Reduce the salt content of topsoil: application of humic acid can loosen the soil of the ploughed soil, destroy the accumulation of salt, reduce the salt content of the topsoil, play a role of salt separation, increase the emergence rate, reduce weak seedlings, dead seedlings, and make plants grow healthily. . (Hebei Province Zhangbei Soil and Fertilizer Station Information)
C. Increasing soil exchange capacity: Humic acid has a high cation conversion amount, which is more than 10 times higher than that of ordinary soil. After being applied to the soil, the adsorption capacity of the soil to the anions is significantly increased, and the surface salt content is reduced. (Information on Xinjiang Institute of Biology, Soil and Desert)
D. Reducing the pH of saline-alkaline soil (pH): The pH value of saline-alkali land, especially alkaline soil, is too high (above 9.0), which directly harms crop growth and even causes death. In addition, the high pH value also affects phosphorus and iron in soil. The effectiveness of nutrients such as manganese, boron and zinc. The pH value of humic acid is 6.8, which can neutralize alkaline, reduce the damage of alkaline to soil and plants, improve the low-yield saline-alkali land, and create good soil conditions for crop seedling growth.
(2) Improvement of albic soil and red soil
A. The white soil is mainly distributed in the northeastern part of China. The bottom of this kind of soil is about 5~10cm ash layer. This layer has poor soil water, large cohesive acidity, poor soil structure, weak biological activity, and roots of crops. It is difficult to penetrate, which is the main reason for low yield. After the application of humic acid, the soil capacity decreased significantly, and the total soil porosity and water holding capacity increased correspondingly, which helped to improve the ability of soil water retention and fertilizer conservation, thereby improving the crop growth environment and reducing the mechanical energy consumption during ploughing. Cost creates conditions. (Information of Jilin Agricultural Institute)
B. Improvement of red loam
This type of soil is distributed in large areas of red soil in various provinces, tropical and subtropical regions of southern China. Due to the high temperature and rain in the south, the soil organic matter decomposes quickly, and the fertilizer is easily lost with the rainwater. Therefore, the soil organic matter is poor. Due to the heavy rain, most of the alkaline components in the soil are leached, and the acidic substances such as iron and aluminum that are not easily lost are relatively accumulated, thus causing the acidity or strong acidity of the red soil, destroying the soil structure, especially when the soil becomes dry. "Acid, simmer, plate, dry". (Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences Farming Information) After applying humic acid, it can improve the physical properties of red loam soil, increase soil aggregates, decrease soil capacity, increase pores, and maintain high water holding capacity. Application of humic acid can also improve the chemical properties of red soil. It is mainly manifested in the increase of soil organic matter content, the increase of available nutrient content, the moderate mediation of pH, and suitable for plant growth.
(3) Effects on soil microbial flora and enzyme activities
Soil microbes are one of the important reasons for the composition of soil, which is important for the transformation of soil organic and inorganic matter, the circulation of nutrients, and the formation of enzymes, which are essential for the life activities of plants. . The fact that humic acid can promote soil microbial activities, increase the number of soil microbes, and enhance the activity of soil enzymes has been confirmed by a large number of research data at home and abroad, and it is agreed that the application of humic acid makes aerobic bacteria, actinomycetes, and fibers. The number of decomposing bacteria increased more. It is beneficial to accelerate the mineralization of organic matter and promote the release of nutrients. Therefore, the application of humic acid can control the root disease, yellow leaves, leaflets and blight of fruit trees.
2. Humic acid has synergistic effect on chemical fertilizer and micro-fertilizer
With the rapid development of China's chemical industry, the production and application of chemical fertilizers continue to increase. The application of chemical fertilizers has undoubtedly played an important role in the development of agricultural production. However, with the increase of chemical fertilizer application, the cost of fertilizer application has increased, and the use of chemical fertilizers has increased. Problems such as lowering the rate are gradually reflected. At present, the rate of nitrogen fertilizer in China is 30-50%, the utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer is 10-20%, and the utilization rate of potassium fertilizer is 50-70%. How to improve the utilization rate of fertilizer has become a research topic that the world attaches great importance to. There are many ways to improve the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers. At present, the most effective result is to use biologically active additives to activate humic acid and enhance its chemical activities and biological activities such as compounding, adsorption, chelation, and microbial reproduction to effectively improve the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers.
(1) Synergism effect on nitrogen fertilizer
A. Reduce nitrogen volatilization loss
The nitrogen fertilizer represented by urea and carbonamine has strong volatility and low general utilization rate. Farmers generally think that it is “violent, fierce and shortâ€, and when mixed with humic acid, it can improve the absorption and utilization rate of 20-40. % (The nitrogen released by carbonamine is absorbed by the crop for more than 20 days, and it can be more than 60 days after being mixed with humic acid), which farmers consider to be “slow, stable and longâ€.
B. Effect of humic acid on soil available nitrogen
The effect of humic acid on the potential nitrogen in the soil is multi-faceted. The stimulating effect of humic acid increases the soil microbial epidemic, which leads to the accelerated rate of organic nitrogen mineralization. Humic acid has a high salt exchange capacity and can reduce nitrogen. The loss of volatilization also increases the content of available nitrogen in the soil.
(2) Synergism effect on phosphate fertilizer
The study on the effect of humic acid on phosphate fertilizer has been carried out abroad for many years. China has also carried out research in this area. The results show that without humic acid, the vertical movement distance of phosphorus in the soil is 3~4cm, and the addition of humic acid can be increased to 6~8cm. , nearly doubled, contributing to crop root absorption (Shenyang Agricultural University) Humic acid has a significant effect on the decomposition of phosphate rock, and the protection of available phosphorus and the reduction of soil on the fixation of available phosphorus and the promotion of crop roots The absorption of phosphorus and the increase in the absorption rate of phosphate fertilizer have extremely high value.
(3) Synergism effect on potassium fertilizer
The synergistic effect of humic acid on potassium fertilizer is mainly manifested in: the acidic functional group of humic acid can absorb and store potassium ions, prevent water loss in sandy soil and leaching soil, and prevent the fixation of potassium in viscous soil. It has a dissolution effect on minerals such as potassium-containing silicates and potassium feldspars, and can slowly decompose and increase the release, thereby increasing the content of soil available potassium.
(4) Synergism effect on micro-fertilizer
Crop growth, in addition to nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium three elements, but also calcium, magnesium, boron, manganese, copper, zinc, molybdenum and other medium and trace elements, they are the composition of a variety of enzymes in the crop, Promoting the growth and development of crops, improving disease resistance, increasing yield and improving quality have very important effects. Sometimes it is not the lack of trace elements in the soil, but the amount of effective part that can be absorbed by plants is too small. The application of humic acid can chelate with difficult-to-capacity trace elements to form humic acid trace element chelate which is easily absorbed by crops, which is beneficial to root or leaf surface absorption and promotes the absorption of trace elements. The roots are transferred to the aboveground part, which is not available in inorganic trace element fertilizers.
3. The effect of humic acid on the growth and development of crops
Humic acid contains a variety of functional groups, and the activated humic acid becomes a highly effective biologically active substance, which has a stimulating effect on crop growth and physiological metabolism in the body. This characteristic is not possessed by common fertilizers, and the activated humic acid has high bioactivity. The substances are soaked, soaked, rooted, sprayed, watered, and made into a base at a certain concentration, which has obvious stimulating effects on various crops. The comprehensive performance is in the promotion of root development, and has a good influence on crop yield and quality factors.
(1) Impact on crop development
A. Early germination, high emergence rate
The application of humic acid can accelerate seed germination and increase the emergence rate, especially in early spring and low temperature (generally germination 1 to 3 days earlier, and the emergence rate is increased by 10 to 30%).
B. The root system is developed and the absorption is strong.
Humic acid has a special promoting effect on the root development of crops. Many agricultural personnel call humic acid a “root fertilizerâ€. The effect on roots is mainly to stimulate the division and growth of root meristem cells and make seedling roots. Fast, secondary roots increase, root mass increases, root elongation, and ultimately the ability of crops to absorb water and nutrients is greatly enhanced.
C. Effects on the growth of above-ground vegetative bodies
On the basis of sufficient nutrient supply, the stimulating effect of humic acid can make the above-ground part of the vegetative body grow vigorously, which is manifested in plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves and accumulation of dry matter.
D. Impact on production and composition factors
Humic acid has different yield and composition factors for different crops. It has an effect on yielding crops, spikes, grains and 1000-grain weight. In the early stage, it has good effects on tillering and reducing openness.
(2) Effects on crop physiological metabolism and enzyme activities
When humic acid enters the plant, it stimulates the plant, mainly in the increase of respiratory intensity, the increase of photosynthesis, and the activity of various enzymes, so that the fruit is colored and matured in advance, and high yield and high value are obtained (economic crops) Should be marketable).
(3) Mechanism of stimulating crops
When humic acid is activated, it becomes a highly effective biologically active substance. After being absorbed by plant roots and leaves, it can promote the absorption of inorganic nutrients and increase the absorption of water. Especially for plant respiration is more prominent, the literature has called it "breathing fertilizer." It is more prominent in the environment of hypoxia. How to use the stimulating effect of humic acid has always been a concern of people. Using humic acid to promote germination, increase the emergence rate, and obtain the effects of Miaoqi, Miaoquan and Miaozhuang; using humic acid solution to root and soak the roots, it has become an agricultural technical measure to improve the survival rate by rod insertion or transplanting. .
(4) Improve the drought resistance of crops
The application of humic acid can reduce the stomatal opening degree of plant leaves, reduce the transpiration of leaves, reduce the water consumption, improve the water condition of the plants, and increase the water content of the leaves, thus laying a foundation for the distribution of seeds and seeds, humic acid. Application can also increase the content of chlorophyll and the normal progress of photosynthesis, and is very important for the accumulation of matter and the increase of 1000-grain weight.
(5) Enhance the cold resistance of crops
The application of humic acid has obvious effects on early spring breeding in the south and cold resistance in northern wheat. In the south of China, early rice cultivation is frequent, and it often encounters low temperature and rainy weather. The phenomenon of dead seedlings and rotten seedlings often occurs. After the application of humic acid, the ground temperature is improved and the quality of the seedlings is generally improved. Southwest Agricultural University found that winter wheat in most parts of northern China, due to frequent "cold spring", wheat seedlings are generally affected by winter, the application of humic acid, effectively improve the cold resistance of wheat, and reduce the freezing damage to varying degrees.
(6) Control of plant diseases and insect pests and immunity
Humic acid can effectively control underground pests and diseases and plant diseases and pathogens. According to a large number of research experiments in Beijing, Sichuan and Jiangxi, humic acid has obvious effects on fruit tree rot, leaflet, yellow leaf disease, cucumber downy mildew, pepper anthracnose, virus disease, etc., Shanxi. The two-year cucumber test of the Xinyi Vegetable Research Institute showed that the application of humic acid did not use any pesticides, but the cucumber did not have excessive pests and diseases from beginning to end.
4. Effect of humic acid on changing the quality of agricultural products
With the improvement of human living standards, not only the high yield of crops is required, but also good quality characteristics are required. The quality of agricultural products is affected by many factors. The most important factor is fertilizer. Researchers and farmers have summed up an experience in long-term practice. The application of humic acid not only has obvious yield-increasing effects and economic benefits, but also humic acid. A pollution-free organic fertilizer that can improve the quality of agricultural products and is an important product of the green basic industry.
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