Since the flood season, severe rains continued to appear in southern China. Severe flooding occurred in some provinces, and a large amount of farmland was flooded. This has had a serious impact on agricultural production and agricultural disaster prevention and reduction is imperative. The Yangtze River Valley is the main grain production area in China. Currently, it is a critical period for rice production. In this issue, we introduce a set of rice damage reduction measures and hope to provide assistance for farmers' friends to resume production.
Flooding remedies
Rice is submerged in water. If it is over 48 hours, it will cause the death of the whole plant; if part of the plant is buried, the soil nutrients, especially nitrogen, are washed out and lost, and the insect pests are easy to be infected. Remedial measures should be taken promptly. In general, the flooding resistance at seedling stage is strong, and the booting stage is the weakest. Therefore, the classification and guidance should be based on the rice growth schedule and the length of flooded period.
After flooding features
In flooded rice, poor ventilation, photosynthetic resistance, increased respiratory consumption, physiological activities are greatly affected, and even death.
Rice flood resistance is relatively strong at the seedling stage, and it is basically unaffected within 4 days of flooding. It is submerged for 6 to 8 days. After the water leaves, the leaves will dry up and die, but most of the seedlings that have not yet died will recover. After the water emerged, the seedlings had more black roots, shorter and shorter shoots, fewer tillers, narrower stems and weaker disease resistance.
When the rice is flooded from tillering to jointing, the fertility process is almost stopped. After the effluent, the height of the plant became shorter; the birth of the high position was increased, and the proportion of the spike was increased; the heading period was elongated and the growth period was postponed by 2 to 3 days. The loss of production within 4 days of submergence is small, and the loss over 4 days is significantly increased. Generally, the output is reduced by 2 to 30% until it is eliminated.
In the booting stage, the submergence force is the weakest, and the submergence of the tip of the leaf for more than 2 days will seriously affect the spike differentiation and the development of spikelets will be hindered. The degree of damage varies with the time of flooding and the depth of flooding, which varies with the site of flooding. It was flooded for more than 4 days, and 41.9% of the non-ceilinged than the uninhabited; no roof was submerged for more than 6 days, and the yield was almost unreceived.
After submergence during the fertile period, the soil was poorly ventilated, which affected the growth of the root system. The endosperm development was poor, the alfalfa rate was increased, and weight loss was reduced. Submergence generally reduces production by 2 to 30% within 5 days, and over 7 days severely affects the seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight, which generally results in a reduction of 5 to 60%.
Remedy
Drain and rescue as soon as possible. Immediately afterwards, manpower should be organized to collect all drainage equipment and perform drainage rescue. The first row of high fields, strive to make Sapphire tip out of the water as soon as possible, can reduce the number of days flooded, reduce losses. However, when draining, care should be taken not to drain the water at one time during the hot sun, and the proper water layer must be retained to gradually restore the rice seedlings to life. If it is drained once, because the paddy field is immersed in water for a long time, its viability is weak, and the stems and leaves are soft. In case of a sunny day, it is easy to wither, but the damage is increased. However, in the rainy days, the water can be drained once, which will help the seedlings recover. After the rice seedlings are flooded, there are few shrouds, the plants are still robust, and there are more floating muds in the fields. They can also drain and put aside the fields to prevent them from lodging.
Snoring floats. When the seedlings retreat, they must remove the floating matter with the water, which can reduce the pressure on the rice seedlings and the rot of the seedlings. At the same time, when the water receded to the tip of the seedlings, wash the seedlings, use bamboo rafts to oscillate back and forth, and wash away the sediment that pollutes the stems and leaves. Generally, in areas where water quality is turbid and there are many sediments, it is easy to accumulate sand and crush the seedlings. If the seedlings are in the tillering stage and the early stage of young panicle differentiation, they can be washed and washed with the direction of water withdrawal, combined with removing rotten leaves and yellow leaves. Good results.
Mild field fertilization material. After the drainage, the rice seedlings resumed their vitality, that is, a light-exposed field was used to enhance soil permeability and root vigor. After lightly exposing the field, shallow water was added to supplement the first-time available fertilizer. Generally, during the period of tillering, 5 kg of urea and 5 kg of potassium chloride may be topdressed for each mu, so as to promote the differentiation of young panicles, and the strong culms of big culms. If it is at the booting stage, it should be applied to 2.5 kg of urea per acre for 3 to 5 days before the break. After heading, 1 or 2 sprays of foliar fertilizer such as phosphorus and potash were applied. In the later period, we adhered to shallow water-wet irrigation to maintain the vitality of the root system, live to maturity, and increase the seed setting rate and grain weight, so as to compensate for the loss of effective panicle deficiencies and reduction in the number of grains per panicle caused by the locust plague.
Timely cleaning of plants (seedlings) and enhanced photosynthetic capacity. The seedlings are submerged. When the water is repelled, follow the direction of the water flow and grab the dead leaves when the seedlings are barely exposed. Use combs to comb away the dead leaves and slag, wash away the dirt on the leaf surface, and promote the seedlings to perform photosynthesis as soon as possible. In flooded fields, floating materials should also be removed, and the dirt and debris on the rice leaves should be washed away, which will have a good effect on the regeneration of rice seedlings.
Appropriate control of the water layer, not only to prevent the death of young shoots, but also to improve the root environment to promote root vitality. After submergence, the roots of the rice plants had more black roots and decreased root vigor, which should increase soil permeability and improve the rhizosphere environment. High-temperature sunny days can not immediately drain water, keep enough water layer during the day to prevent wilting and dry seedlings; 秧 Miao field should be drained after 5 pm, open field, to be re-irrigated shallow water the next morning, to promote the rapid restoration of vitality of the root system.
Supplement fertilizers to promote normal growth. After the spleen has resumed spit-feeding function, fertilizer is applied in a timely manner. Generally, 75 kg of urea can be applied per hectare of paddy field to promote the regeneration of the seedlings and increase the number of white roots. Daejeon can supplement the fertilizer according to the growth period, and 75 kg of urea can be applied per hectare at the booting stage. Flower effect.
Strengthen pest control. After rice is attacked, due to leaf damage, it increases the chance of disease, especially bacterial leaf blight, and it is often endangered after being affected, and sheath blight may also occur severely. To this end, it is necessary to control the use of drugs in time to block the onset of bacterial leaf blight as soon as possible, the choice of drugs can use Ye Qingshuang, such as elimination of mycelium; Sheath blight control can be used Jinggangmycin, grain dry clear and other agents to prevent diseases. Because herbicides will weaken the seedlings' seedling resistance, herbicides should not be used after seedlings are flooded. (The author is an expert in the cultivation and soil fertilizer post of Hunan Rice Industry System Ma Guohui)
Different growth period measures
Early rice wax ripening period
Timely cleaning. When the floodwaters recede, it is necessary to pay close attention to cleaning the leaves. It is best to use a sprayer. Spray water to wash away the dirt on the leaves, focus on cleaning the top, that is, the top three leaves, so that rice can quickly restore vitality.
Reasonable drainage. If it is cloudy after the flood subsides, it will be drained once. If it is sunny, the shallow water layer still remains in the field, and is drained after the plants have recovered for 1 to 2 days.
Disease prevention and control. After rice fields are flooded, rice is prone to bacterial diseases such as bacterial leaf stripe and bacterial leaf blight. After washing rice leaves, immediately use 25% Ye Ku Ling or 20% Ye Qingshuang 100 g or 20% Thiocenol copper. 125 ml, water 60 kg spray.
Disaster damage reduction. Don't artificially raise the seedlings caused by the flooding, so that they are automatically adjusted, and at the same time, avoid spraying the stems when washing with water. For serious lodging rice, timely support and clean the leaves, reduce losses, and timely harvest. .
One-season rice initial differentiation
Wash with water. When the flood water receded, rice was sprayed and washed to restore rice photosynthesis.
Draining in time. If it is cloudy after washing, it will be drained once. If it is sunny, the field still needs to keep a shallow layer of water. In the morning, check whether there is dew on the tip of the leaf, whether the base is hard, the tip of the leaf is dewy and the base is hard. Rice fields indicate that rice has returned to life and can be exposed to light for 2 to 3 days. Afterwards, urea and potash fertilizers of 4 to 5 kilograms per acre are irrigated with shallow water, and dryness is selected after dew or on sunny days after 4 pm.
Disease prevention and control. To strengthen the control of rice blast, sheath blight, bacterial leaf blight, and bacterial leaf streak, immediately after washing rice leaves, use 40% rice bran or 25% prochloraz 100 ml, 20% Jinggangmycin Powder 50 grams, 25% Ye Lingling or 20% Ye Qingshuang 100 grams or 20% Thiosin Copper 125 ml, 60 kg sprayed with water.
Replant disaster reduction. If the stems of rice stems are soft and wilting, ploughing and timely replanting of early-season rice will be broadcast live before July 25.
Late rice seedling stage
Sunny field shady. After flooding, the root system of the seedlings has poor vigor. When the water is discharged, it depends on the weather conditions. If it is cloudy, it can drain water at one time, which is conducive to the rapid recovery of rice growth. If it is sunny, the surface of the car still needs to retain a shallow water layer to avoid dehydration and withered seedlings. If it is found that there is a phenomenon of leaf reeling, it should be erected in time. Net to prevent the death of young plants.
Disease prevention and control. Immediately after washing the leaves, use 40% rice bran or 25% prochloraz 100 ml, 20% Jinggangmycin powder 50 g, 25% Ye Lingling or 20% Ye Qingshuang 100 g or 20% Thienone copper 100 ml, Water 60 kg spray, try to apply after 4 pm on cloudy or sunny days.
Change to disaster reduction. If the seedlings appear wilting phenomenon, early rice is harvested in time, and the medium-maturing varieties of early rice are selected to “turn autumn†live on July 25th. (The author is Fang Baohua, associate researcher of Hunan Rice Research Institute)
Pest control
After the heavy rain, the rising temperature is conducive to the occurrence of a variety of diseases and insect pests. In particular, rice sheath blight, rice blast, and bacterial diseases in rice are highly susceptible to outbreaks, and the risk of disasters is increased for rice planthoppers and rice leaf roller. Therefore, prevention and control measures should be taken immediately after water reclamation to prevent and control rice pests and diseases, so as to avoid greater losses caused by pests and diseases after the flood.
After the rainstorm, the flooded fields are easily invaded by bacterial diseases, and drainage and seedlings should be promptly drained. Washing and seedlings should be carried out during drainage, and a chemical control should be carried out immediately after the water wash and seedlings are washed. 72% of agricultural streptomycin sulfate 15 grams watered 30 kg sprayed across the field to prevent bacterial blight, bacterial leaf blight and other bacterial diseases. Strengthen the management of fertilizers and waters, adopt measures such as supplementing fertilizers with open fields, spraying plant growth regulators such as Bi-Ying or Tianfengsu, etc., to increase the disease-resistance of rice and promote the rapid restoration of normal root growth. All rice crops are timely and well protected against other diseases and pests such as rice blast, sheath blight, rice planthopper, rice leaf roller, and rice stem borer.
Control object
Middle rice, one-season late rice and double-season rice in paddy fields are used to control rice stem borer, rice blast horse, sticky rice, rice leaf roller, rice planthopper, sheath blight (middle rice and early rice late rice), and rice blast disease. Insects, rice bran, etc.
Control indicators
In the field of leaf blast, there are more than 500 plantations of rice planthoppers, more than 3% plantation strains of rice stem borer, more than 10,000 larvae of rice leaffolders, and more than 30% field of sheath blight disease.
Drug use
The following formula is the amount of mu for use, watered 30 kg spray.
Prevention and control of pupa, rice leaf roller, rice leaf rod fly, etc.: A34% M methionine (Spinoluo) SC24 ml; B80% seroacetamide (Daihui) WP 50 g or 10% avermectin Amide (rice) SC 30 ml; C10% Flubenzamide (Dragonfly Fu Xianan) SC20 ml + Additive King 10 ml; D35% Chlorantraniliprole (Jiaton) SC 6 ml or 20% Chlorfenapyr Formamide (Kang wide) SC 15 ml (apply 2 days in advance).
Prevention of rice planthoppers: A60% fenpi pyridinone (flying Schneider) W 12g or 80% cinnamizin (Dragonhead) W 8g; B 50% pymetrozine W (Red Sun) 10 g; C25% buprofezin WP 40 g.
Control of sheath blight: A27.8% thiofuran ether A (Fusai) SC 25 ml; B24% Thiofuramide (Yanhua Sui) SC 20 ml; C18% benzoylzole (Zhuanggu Power) W K 40 Grams; D12% P. striata (R. quiqac) AS 60 ml.
Control of rice blast: 40% of Fuji No. 1 EC 80 ml or 2% of kasugamycin (addition of rice) AS 80 ml or 33% of oxadiconazole rice millet ME 80 ml or 25% of pyraclostrobin EC 24 ml.
Precautions
Field irrigation with shallow water application and keep it for 3 to 5 days, timely inspection and control effect; due to the complex planting structure, special climate, there are obvious regional differences in the settlement density of “two migrations†pests, it is recommended that the agricultural technicians and farmers should check the fields and prevent local outbreaks. Disaster.
Supplementary measures
Replant "early turn late"
For part of the flooding time is longer, can not restore the normal growth of rice fields, can use the characteristics of early rice varieties with high temperature sensitivity as late rice cultivation, can achieve early sowing (planting) early maturing, but also to obtain a better yield.
Choose a suitable area. Along the river, south of the Yangtze River and south of Yangtze River and Huaihe River. Variety selection and sowing date limit. Before July 20th, when live broadcasts or borrowed places are available, live broadcasts before July 25 may use early-maturing early rice varieties. The lower limit of the cut period is July 25th along the Yangtze River, and July 20th south of the Yangtze River.
Planting methods. After the water reclamation, no tillage or water tillage, leveling, post-emergence germination, and direct seeding are the main methods. If the conditions for water reclamation are late (borrowed), the early sowing date can be reached before July 20th. Tillage and transplanting, the age should not be too short, generally within 15 days. Regardless of live broadcasting or transplanting, no-tillage methods should be adopted. This can save time and labor and save labor. For residues and weeds, lots of plots should be made of contact-killing herbicides, such as Gram-free herbicides, etc., and spray the field water after spraying. The plots can be broadcast live or transplanted at intervals of 2 to 3 days.
Improve the quality of sowing. To pay attention to the quality of seeds, we should use the early rice seeds that we harvested last year. For early rice seeds that have just been harvested this year, it must be dried for 2 to 3 days to break the dormancy period and increase the germination rate. The seeds were soaked with germination until the dew-thickness was white. Live broadcast can be broadcast or on demand. Per acre sowing rate of 10 to 12.5 kilograms, early sowing should be less, late sowing should be more, to ensure that the spread (point) sowing.
Strengthen field management. After sowing, we should keep the field moist, apply “weaning fertilizer†as early as possible, establish a shallow water layer, use shallow water for irrigation during the tillering period, dry the field in several batches in the middle period, and intermittently irrigate in the later period to effectively prevent lodging. Fertilizer should be taken in the early stage of heavy fertilizer, medium-term control of fertilizer, late supplementary methods of grain fertilizer, to comprehensive prevention and control of pests and diseases.
Restocking rice
Generally speaking, ratooning rice refers to the use of dormant buds on rice piles after the harvesting of the former pods, giving them appropriate conditions such as water, temperature, light, and nutrients, and cultivating them to regenerate pods and then heading to mature rice. In the years of floods and floods, the accumulation of ratoon rice is one of the ways to save rice production.
Store flooded regeneration rice. That is, for the rice that has been flooded for a long time from the spikelet differentiation stage to the booting stage, or even the heading and flowering stage, the panicles have been destroyed after water receding, but the roots and stems are still alive and the necrotic parts on the ground have been promptly cut off, and the accumulated flood water has been regenerated. Rice uses a considerable amount of time and warm rain rain resources left over from the first crop of rice after a flood disaster, supplements a small amount of budding fertilizer, implements shallow water-moisture management, and strengthens pest control to obtain a better yield.
Leave a season of renewable rice. Early rice in the south of central Jianghuai and early mature rice can be used to accumulate renewable rice. General hybrid rice is better than conventional rice, no disease and pest is better than the premature decay of the field; Fan Qiang can be harvested on August 15-20 to ensure that the regeneration of rice before the September 20 safe heading.
First of all, we must strengthen field management of the first crop rice to ensure the survival rate. Secondly, it is necessary to catch up with budding and preserved fertilizers, that is, 15 to 20 days after the first crop of rice is harvested, and 10 to 15 kilograms of urea are harvested to promote buds and flowers, which is the most common measure for the high yield of ratoon rice, within 3 days after harvest. Mushi 5 kg of urea to protect long-foliage roots. Before the harvest, the crop should be harvested in due time and the crop should be harvested. This means that when the crop is ripe, the crop must be harvested in due course, leaving 25 to 30 centimeters, whichever is later reserved. Then weeding in Putian, moist irrigation in shallow water, and defense of “cold dew-breathingâ€, timely harvest.
Replanting other cash crops
Can be changed to other economic crops, such as sweet potatoes, early corn and vegetables. For hawthorn and early maturing corn, the minimum sowing date is from the end of July to the beginning of August. If the rainfall is too late to plow in time, it can be planted on the no-till flat land to plant hawthorn and on-demand corn to facilitate early planting and emergence of seedlings.
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