Nanoparticle drugs help treat deadly cancers!

Release date: 2016-09-20

In the past few years , many people have been thrilled by the treatment of cancer by regulating the immune system of the body. An immunotherapy called checkpoint blockade has particular potential. However, despite some significant success with the checkpoint blockade, the therapy has little effect on some of the most deadly tumors.

 

Now, a group of scientists from the University of Chicago have developed a clever way to make checkpoint blocking more useful. The therapy on August 17 published in "Nature", brings hope, including colon and lung cancer for the effective treatment of refractory metastatic cancer.

 

This method requires complex interactions of immunostimulatory nanoparticles consisting of a sensitizer and a standard chemotherapeutic drug, which work together to enhance the checkpoint blockade.

 

Enhance immunity

 

Checkpoint block therapy works by interfering with the ability of cancer to shut down the body's immune response. When cancer cells first occur, the body recognizes that they are heterogeneous, triggering T cell attacks and destroying them. However, as malignant cells proliferate and form tumors, they release biochemical signals that suppress the immune system, and T cells are difficult to function properly.

 

Checkpoint blockade blocks these signals, allowing T cells to again treat cancer cells as invaders and allow the immune system to do its job. The problem, says Lin , is that if the tumor has been growing for years, there is no longer a T cell available for activation inside , so treatment will fail.

 

“So what we are trying to do is to find ways to recruit T cells into the tumor,” he said. “If there is a way for T cells to recognize cancer cells, T cells can kill cancer cells.”

 

Lin and his collaborators invented a drug mixture that is contained in the nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are self-assembled by zinc and a drug called oxaliplatin. Oxaliplatin is a drug widely used to treat advanced metastatic colon cancer. A photosensitizer called pyrolipid forms the outer layer. When light hits the pyrolipid , it produces molecules that kill cancer cells. It also activates T cells that recognize cancer cells. Because nanoparticles give triple-strikes to cancer cells.

 

Used in experiments, nanoparticle and checkpoint blockers can eliminate tumors in mice, even when tumors are already present in multiple parts of the body, and one of them is not treated. The scientists injected the checkpoint drug into the mouse through the abdomen and injected the nanoparticles into the tail vein of the mouse. Light is applied to a tumor to activate pyrolipid . Other tumors are not treated.

 

The irradiated tumor disappeared as expected. However, it is worth noting that distant, untreated tumors have also disappeared. No light exposure means there are no activated T cells in the second tumor , "so in our expectation, the tumor should not disappear," Lin said. "But we believe that such combination therapy can activate the immune system, It produces T cells. T cells further recognize cancer cells and then spread them throughout the body, even killing cancer cells that are not exposed to light."

 

Traveling T cells

 

The ability to activate a T cell and spread it to other parts of the body can be a powerful tool for treating cancer. Most people who die of cancer do not die from the primary tumor, but die from the metastasis of the tumor. When the patient undergoes surgery, the surgeon does not know if there are other smaller lesions elsewhere in the body.

 

“Doctors can't handle these potential small lesions because they can't be found at all,” Lin said. “But if you can activate immune cells, they can selectively find cancer cells, then the chances of the body getting rid of these small metastatic lesions will be A lot bigger."

Source: Noble

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