Carbohydrates are composed of three elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are the most inexpensive nutrients among the three major nutrients that provide thermal energy to animals.
1. The physiological role of carbohydrates: (1) Supply of energy. One gram of glucose produces 16 kilojoules of heat, and the carbohydrates consumed by the animals are digested in the body to become glucose or other monosaccharides to participate in the metabolism of the body. (2) constitute cells and tissues, each cell has carbohydrates, mainly in the form of glycolipids, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans. (3) Save protein. The lack of carbohydrate in feed, the body has to use protein to meet the energy required for the activity, which will affect the body's use of proteins to synthesize new proteins and tissue renewal. (4) Maintain the normal function of brain cells. Glucose is an essential nutrient for maintaining the normal function of the brain. When the blood glucose concentration decreases, the brain tissue can be damaged due to the lack of energy, resulting in dysfunction and coma. (5) Formation of anti-ketone bodies. In the absence of sugars, lipids can be decomposed and at the same time produce ketone bodies. Ketone bodies cause hyperketanolipidemia. (6) Detoxification. Sugar metabolism can produce glucuronic acid, glucuronic acid and toxins in the body (such as: drug bilirubin) in combination to detoxify.
2. The Nutritional Role of Carbohydrates: Some carbohydrates serve as motorized stocks, some form body tissues, some generate heat to maintain body temperature, and most are used in the form of kinetic energy or potential to harness the productivity of fur animals.
Excessive or too little carbohydrates in fur animal feed can have adverse effects. Excess carbohydrates in the diet relatively reduce the protein content. Insufficient protein intake by fur animals causes metabolism to become negatively balanced, weight loss, growth rate, and milk yield decrease, affecting reproduction. The number of male sperm is reduced, quality is reduced, female estrus and sexual cycle are abnormal, pregnancy is not easy, fetus is stunted, and even geeks, stillbirths and weak fetuses are produced. For example, during the growing season, the large use of grain feed will make the carcass of fur animals smaller, plush growth, low density or dullness.
Carbohydrates also reduce protein breakdown in the body and save body proteins. Oxygen and lactate, which are the oxygen and carbohydrates produced by protein metabolism in the body, can be combined into new amino acids, which can make up for the consumption of amino acids in the body. During the lactation period of fur animals, maternal protein consumption increases due to the secretion of milk. If the amount of protein in the diet is not changed and carbohydrates are insufficient, the maternal body not only consumes body proteins, but also the amount of lactation is significantly reduced.
For example, the daily bills for each day of a breastfeeding leeches in an open market are as follows:
Diet composition: 31.82 g of frozen sea fish, 31.82 g of chicken liver, 18.18 g of chicken gut, 9.09 g of chicken, 13.64 g of chicken, 6.82 g of eggs, 6.82 g of yeast, 15.91 g of corn flour, and 0.5 g of salt.
Vitamins to be added: Vitamin B 14.55 mg, Vitamin B 22.27 mg, Vitamin C 1.36 mg, Vitamin B 61.82 mg, Vitamin B 121.14 mg, Vitamin B 1.59 mg, Vitamin E 4.55 mg, Vitamin AD 1136 IU .
The material list contained 118.18 grams of animal feed, 29.6 grams of protein, 15.91 grams of vegetable feed (corn flour), and 11.45 grams of carbohydrates. Compared with the standards for leeches, carbohydrates were less (standard 21.6 grams). Add enough vitamins to meet the feeding standards. Feeding lactation leeches with this material resulted in the death of Tsai at 19 days of age. The cause of death was malnutrition in Aberdeen. The mother-in-law began to eat large areas and her lactation capacity weakened.
A comprehensive analysis of the cause of death of Aberdeen was the fact that there was less carbohydrate in the feed, which led to a decrease in the lactating capacity of the mother. Adjust diets to increase cornmeal to 30 grams (carbohydrate containing 21.6 grams). After adjustment, her mother’s appetite increased greatly. After three days, she stopped eating and she stopped eating and everything returned to normal.
This example fully demonstrates that during the lactation period, the supply of adequate carbohydrates, sustainable long-term lactation and increased milk production, while at the same time can avoid a sharp decline in female calf weight, which reduces the mortality rate of Aberdeen and ensure that Good growth and development are of great significance.
Carbohydrates regulate fat metabolism in fur animals and prevent excessive ketone bodies. This regulation is very important for fur animals. Because of the long-term lack of carbohydrates in fur animal diets, the body only relies on fats and proteins in meat and fish feed to maintain its metabolism. Due to the large amount of breakdown of fats and proteins, the ketone body, which is an incompletely oxidized metabolite in the physiological range, is formed in the body and accumulates in the blood. The ketone body is acidic. Because the accumulation exceeds the normal physiological concentration, the excretion of ketone bodies in the urine increases, resulting in acidosis. Acidosis occurs during the growth period, and the cubs are prone to develop urinary stones and urinary tract diseases. Acidosis during the gestation period of the fur animals results in easy fetal, rotten and miscarriage.
For example: A fox farm on March 29, 2013 suffered miscarriage and bad tires.
Pregnancy diet formula is as follows: frozen fish 75 grams, chicken 75 grams, 20 grams of frozen chicken liver, eggs (1 feeding 4 fox) 15.6 grams, a brand in the Northeast "full price" 75 grams, 10 grams of carrots. Additives: Tocopherol 9 bags feed 600.
This diet formula is characterized by a severe shortage of carbohydrates. There is no vegetable feed, such as cornmeal, which can provide carbohydrates. It is based on a brand of “full price†and then adds animal feed, resulting in excessive protein in the diet. . Protein and carbohydrate ratios are out of balance. Results The foxes suffered from ketosis and acidosis during pregnancy, resulting in a large area of ​​pregnant foxes, miscarriage, and bad feces.
It has been calculated that if the brand "full price" in this formula is replaced with carbohydrate feed cornmeal, the protein in this formula still meets the fox's feeding standards. Then, in the material metabolism, the consumption of fat and protein can be reduced, and the production of ketone bodies is reduced. It can be seen that keeping a certain amount of carbohydrates in the diet is beneficial to regulate the metabolism of substances, and it is also an effective measure to prevent acidosis in fur animals.
This formula is very typical. According to the author's understanding, many farmers in Zhangzhou, Baoding, Tangshan, Changli and other places in our province have used this recipe or added a protein feed on the basis of a certain brand “full price†during pregnancy. Inadequate compounds, protein and carbohydrate ratio imbalance, resulting in fetal birth, abortion, severely affect the birth rate, and thus affect the economic efficiency of the fox field.
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