Release date: 2015-07-17
CRISPR, this powerful gene editing technology has become the biggest game rule changer after PCR, which has brought huge impact to the biosphere. Unlike other gene editing technologies, it is cheap, fast, and easy to use, thus sweeping laboratories around the world.
On the one hand, researchers hope to use it to correct human genes to eliminate disease, build more viable plants, eliminate pathogens, and apply them to a wider range of fields; on the other hand, in addition to the establishment of startups by CRISPR pioneers Some pharmaceutical companies have also begun to spend a lot of money to get the technology into revenue.
In May of this year, Juno and Zhang Feng founded Editas Medicine to reach an agreement to use the latter's CRISPR technology to jointly develop cancer immunotherapy CAR-T and TCR, which will bring $737 million to Editas Medicine.
In fact, CRISPR technology has not only been recognized by the academic and business circles, but also attracted the attention of Times magazine. In April of this year, CRISPR "two goddesses" Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna were selected in the United States "Times" released the list of the world's most influential 100 people in 2015.
Putting the names of these three people together, it is hard to avoid the patent dispute that has always touched people's hearts. This competition involves huge interests. In addition to the possibility of winning the Nobel Prize in academic honors, it also contains immeasurable commercial interests. According to MIT, the final patent for the CRISPR will receive all the rights to the gene editing system.
In March and April of this year, Science and Cell magazine launched a special compilation, which reviewed the outstanding achievements of CRISPR in different fields. These breakthroughs not only allow us to see the unlimited potential of CRISPR, but also give us more confidence in overcoming the long-term harm to human health.
So, in the first half of 2015, what important achievements did CRISPR have created?
Science: The goddess of CRISPR publishes new results (June 26)
Researchers from the University of California at Berkeley and the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Germany have revealed a conformation of a Cas9-directed RNA (gRNA) complex that was previously organized to recognize target DNA. The study was published in the June 26 issue of Science. The author of the article is Dr. Jennifer A. Doudna of the University of California at Berkeley.
Nature: A new breakthrough in the evolution of CRISPR technology (June 22)
Researchers from Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital published their new and improved CRISPR-Cas9 technology in the June 22 issue of Nature, which has a larger range of recognition sequences and more accurate recognition.
Cell: CRISPR reveals the amazing discovery, who is the one hundred proteins to be ordered? (June 18)
In a study published in the journal Cell on June 18th, researchers from the University of California, San Diego Medical School, obtained a surprising study: the phosphorylation of more than 100 secreted proteins is called a Fam20C. The dominating of the enzyme. To delve into the role of Fam20C in human health and disease, the Dixon team used a new popular gene editing technology, CRISPR/Cas9, to remove the Fam20C gene from laboratory-grown liver, breast, and bone cancer cells.
Nature Technology Breakthrough: Light-Controlled CRISPR-Cas9 System (June 15)
In a study published in the June 15 issue of Nature Biotechnology, researchers from Japan reported that they have built a better CRISPR gene editing system: a photo-activated novel Cas9 nuclease that enables researchers The RNA-directed nuclease activity can be better controlled in space and time.
Nature Subsidiary: CRISPR can destroy specific sequences in "transgenic" organisms (May 19)
The British journal Nature.com published a synthetic biology paper online on May 19th, describing a device based on "genomic editing" CRISPR technology that destroys specific DNA sequences in genetically modified organisms. The ability to control the destruction of specific DNA sequences will range from preventing the release of GMOs, helping biotech companies protect intellectual property, and avoiding theft.
Nature: Master-level cattle use CRISPR to build cancer-like organs (April 29)
Using a medium containing stem cell nestin (WNT, R-spondin, epidermal growth factor EGF), mouse and human intestinal stem cells can be cultured for a long period of time to produce genetically and phenotypically stable epithelial organs. The research team led by Professor Hans Clevers, President of the Royal Academy of Arts and Royal Academy of Sciences and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, used the CRISPR/Cas9 technology to establish colorectal cancer (CRC) organs. The findings were published this week in the journal Nature.
Protein & Cell: China's "80th Associate Professor" gene editing human embryo, controversy warms again (April 18)
On April 18th, Huang Jun, an associate professor from the School of Life Sciences at Sun Yat-Sen University in China, published his first paper on editing human embryos in the journal Protein & Cell. According to Nature News, this is the world's first, and it has confirmed previous rumors that some people are already doing human embryo gene editing research.
Nature Technology Breakthrough: Increasing the efficiency of CRISPR by 19 times (March 23)
The CRISPR/Cas system can construct mice with multiple mutations, but its inefficiency prevents the generation of a sufficient number of transgenic mice to establish a human disease model. By adding an anticancer drug, Scr7, to genetically engineered fertilized eggs, scientists have significantly increased the efficiency of CRISPR/Cas by a factor of 19. This important achievement was published in the March 23 issue of Nature Biotechnology.
Nature Communications: Eradication of HIV with CRISPR Technology (March 10)
In a study published in the March 10 issue of Nature Communications, scientists from the Salk Institute of Biology trained and trained a powerful defense system (CRISPR) that many bacteria use. A scissor-like machine to identify the HIV virus is a step closer to developing such a drug.
Zhang Feng and another Cell: Let CRISPR shine in the cancer field (March 5)
A CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technique was used to systematically target each gene in the genome in an overall biological model. A team of scientists from the Broad Institute and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's David H. Koch Comprehensive Cancer Institute pioneered the use of this technology to systematically “knock out†(close) all genes in the entire genome of a cancer animal model, revealing Some genes related to tumor evolution and metastasis have paved the way for similar research in other cell types and diseases. The research work was published online in the March 5 issue of Cell.
Cell: Building an aging research model with CRISPR (February 12)
Scientists at Stanford University have used a genome editing toolkit to build a platform for studying aging in natural short-lived African green carp. Researchers hope that these fish will become a valuable new model for understanding, preventing and treating aging diseases. They published the research in the February 12 issue of Cell.
Nature Methods: The new approach ends the debate on CRISPR-CAS9 (February 9)
On February 9th, in a study published in Nature Methods, scientists have successfully demonstrated that CRISPR-Cas9 has precise targeting in human cells, and they develop a strong, sensitive, unbiased and cost-effective The method, Digenome-seq, detects CRISPR/Cas9 off-target effects in human cells across the genome.
Cell Stem Cell: Chinese scientists release new results, greatly improving CRISPR efficiency (February 5)
On February 5, in a study published in the journal Cell Stem Cell, scientists at the Gladstone Institute discovered a way to effectively improve the efficiency of CRISPR technology. Working with colleagues at Stanford University, the researchers identified two small molecule compounds that significantly increased new genetic information inserted into cellular DNA.
Nature Biotechnology: A New Approach to Accurate Detection of Clip Off-Target Effects (January 19)
As an emerging genome editing technology, CRISPR and TALENs, although with many advantages, are still plagued by off-target effects. Researchers at the Beckman Institute in Hope City and the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University have developed a new strategy that is expected to help people detect such unexpected results. The results were published online in the January 19 issue of Nature Biotechnology.
Cell: Chinese scholars release important results of CRISPR - scRNA (January 15)
A few days ago, scientists at the University of California developed a CRISPR scaffold RNA (scRNA). The scRNA encodes a target site and a regulatory function that simultaneously activates and inhibits different genes. The study was published in the January 15 issue of Cell.
A global debate triggered by an embryo editor
Among the 15 papers listed above, the most impressive ones may not be any of the top three journals, but the paper on the genetic editing of human embryos in China's "80th Associate Professor" in Protein & Cell magazine. As the saying goes, people are not much, and technology has not escaped this fate. At the same time as an exciting study came out, the controversy over whether human embryos should be edited is escalating.
For this matter, the United States has a clear and tough attitude. Recently, the US House of Representatives is involved in the debate about whether human embryos should be modified to introduce genetic changes. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) portion of its FY2016 Expenditure Act will prohibit the agency from using the money to evaluate research or clinical applications for such products.
In addition, for this event, Nature Biotechnology contacted 50 researchers, ethicists, and business leaders from around the world to comment on issues raised by CRISPR transformation of human germ cells. Zhang Feng said that it is very important to carefully evaluate the ethical significance of germ cell editing. Where do we demarcate the boundaries to determine which biological traits are acceptable for editing in germ cells, and which are not?
Source: Bio-Exploration
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